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1Was ist passiert?

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nur im Gesetzestext
Zeugen- und Opferbeeinflussung
Wer wissentlich und böswillig einen Zeugen oder ein Opfer davon abhält oder abzuhalten versucht, an einem Verfahren teilzunehmen oder auszusagen, macht sich strafbar. Ebenso strafbar ist der Versuch, ein Opfer oder einen Zeugen davon abzuhalten, eine Straftat anzuzeigen oder an der Strafverfolgung mitzuwirken. Handelte ein Familienangehöriger zum Schutz des Zeugen oder Opfers, wird vermutet, dass er nicht böswillig gehandelt hat.
Strafenormalerweise 3 Jahre Gefängnis
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
2·3·4 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „2 · 3 · 4 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „two, three, or four years“
Cal. Penal Code § 136.1 — Zeugen- und OpferbeeinflussungWortlautzu
Wer wissentlich und böswillig einen Zeugen oder ein Opfer davon abhält oder abzuhalten versucht, an einem Verfahren teilzunehmen oder auszusagen, macht sich strafbar. Ebenso strafbar ist der Versuch, ein Opfer oder einen Zeugen davon abzuhalten, eine Straftat anzuzeigen oder an der Strafverfolgung mitzuwirken. Handelte ein Familienangehöriger zum Schutz des Zeugen oder Opfers, wird vermutet, dass er nicht böswillig gehandelt hat.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Grundfall: Freiheitsstrafe im Bezirksgefängnis bis zu einem Jahr oder im Staatsgefängnis. In den qualifizierten Fällen (etwa unter Einsatz von Gewalt oder Drohung, gegen Entgelt oder als Teil einer Verschwörung): Freiheitsstrafe im Staatsgefängnis von zwei, drei oder vier Jahren.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (c), a person who does any of the following is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison:
(b) Except as provided in subdivision (c), a person who attempts to prevent or dissuade another person who has been the victim of a crime or who is witness to a crime from doing any of the following is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison:
(c) A person doing any of the acts described in subdivision (a) or (b) knowingly and maliciously under any one or more of the following circumstances, is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years under any of the following circumstances:
All parties to the transaction are guilty of a felony.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (c), a person who does any of the following is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison: (1) Knowingly and maliciously prevents or dissuades a witness or victim from attending or giving testimony at a trial, proceeding, or inquiry authorized by law. (2) Knowingly and maliciously attempts to prevent or dissuade a witness or victim from attending or giving testimony at a trial, proceeding, or inquiry authorized by law. (3) For purposes of this section, evidence that the defendant was a family member who interceded in an effort to protect the witness or victim shall create a presumption that the act was without malice. (b) Except as provided in subdivision (c), a person who attempts to prevent or dissuade another person who has been the victim of a crime or who is witness to a crime from doing any of the following is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison: (1) Making a report of that victimization to a peace officer, a state or local law enforcement officer, a probation, parole, or correctional officer, a prosecuting agency, or a judge. (2) Causing a complaint, indictment, information, or probation or parole violation to be sought and prosecuted, or assisting in the prosecution thereof. (3) Arresting or causing or seeking the arrest of a person in connection with that victimization. (c) A person doing any of the acts described in subdivision (a) or (b) knowingly and maliciously under any one or more of the following circumstances, is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years under any of the following circumstances: (1) If the act is accompanied by force or by an express or implied threat of force or violence, upon a witness, victim, or any third person or the property of a victim, witness, or any third person. (2) If the act is in furtherance of a conspiracy. (3) If the act is committed by a person who has been convicted of a violation of this section, a predecessor law, a federal statute, or a statute of any other state that, if the act prosecuted was committed in this state, would be a violation of this section. (4) If the act is committed by a person for pecuniary gain or for any other consideration acting upon the request of any other person. All parties to the transaction are guilty of a felony. (d) A person attempting the commission of an act described in subdivision (a), (b), or (c) is guilty of the offense attempted without regard to success or failure of the attempt. The fact that no person was injured physically, or in fact intimidated, is not a defense against prosecution under this section. (e) This section does not preclude the imposition of an enhancement for great bodily injury if the injury inflicted is significant or substantial. (f) The use of force during the commission of an offense described in subdivision (c) shall be considered a circumstance in aggravation of the crime in imposing a term of imprisonment under subdivision (b) of Section 1170.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Beteiligung an einer kriminellen Bande und Bandenzuschlag
Wer sich aktiv an einer kriminellen Straßenbande beteiligt, obwohl er weiß, dass deren Mitglieder ein Muster krimineller Bandenaktivität verfolgen, und wer vorsätzlich strafbares Verhalten von Bandenmitgliedern fördert oder unterstützt, macht sich strafbar. Zusätzlich sieht die Vorschrift eine Straferhöhung für Verbrechen vor, die zugunsten, auf Anweisung oder in Verbindung mit einer solchen Bande begangen werden.
Strafelebenslanges Gefängnis möglich
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Die 3 Strafrahmen im Gesetz
Beteiligung: Freiheitsstrafe im Bezirksgefä…16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Straferhöhung: grundsätzlich zusätzlich2·3·4 Jahreweniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „2 · 3 · 4 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „two, three, or four years“
Fall 31·2·3 Jahreweniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „1 · 2 · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „one, two, or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 186.22 — Beteiligung an einer kriminellen Bande und BandenzuschlagWortlautzu
Wer sich aktiv an einer kriminellen Straßenbande beteiligt, obwohl er weiß, dass deren Mitglieder ein Muster krimineller Bandenaktivität verfolgen, und wer vorsätzlich strafbares Verhalten von Bandenmitgliedern fördert oder unterstützt, macht sich strafbar. Zusätzlich sieht die Vorschrift eine Straferhöhung für Verbrechen vor, die zugunsten, auf Anweisung oder in Verbindung mit einer solchen Bande begangen werden.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Beteiligung: Freiheitsstrafe im Bezirksgefängnis bis zu einem Jahr oder Freiheitsstrafe im Staatsgefängnis von 16 Monaten, zwei oder drei Jahren. Straferhöhung: grundsätzlich zusätzlich zwei, drei oder vier Jahre nach Ermessen des Gerichts; bei einem schweren Verbrechen im Sinne von Section 1192.7 Buchstabe c zusätzlich fünf Jahre; bei einem Gewaltverbrechen im Sinne von Section 667.5 Buchstabe c zusätzlich zehn Jahre.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) A person who actively participates in a criminal street gang with knowledge that its members engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity, and who willfully promotes, furthers, or assists in felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for a period not to exceed one year, or by imprisonment in the state prison for 16 months, or two or three years.
(A) Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), the person shall be punished by an additional term of two, three, or four years at the court’s discretion.
(B) If the felony is a serious felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 1192.7, the person shall be punished by an additional term of five years.
(C) If the felony is a violent felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 667.5, the person shall be punished by an additional term of 10 years.
(4) A person who is convicted of a felony enumerated in this paragraph committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members, shall, upon conviction of that felony, be sentenced to an indeterminate term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of the indeterminate sentence calculated as the greater of:
(B) Imprisonment in the state prison for 15 years, if the felony is a home invasion robbery, in violation of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 213; carjacking, as defined in Section 215; a felony violation of Section 246; or a violation of Section 12022.55.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) A person who actively participates in a criminal street gang with knowledge that its members engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity, and who willfully promotes, furthers, or assists in felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for a period not to exceed one year, or by imprisonment in the state prison for 16 months, or two or three years. (b) (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (4) and (5), a person who is convicted of a felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members, shall, upon conviction of that felony, in addition and consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony or attempted felony of which the person has been convicted, be punished as follows: (A) Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), the person shall be punished by an additional term of two, three, or four years at the court’s discretion. (B) If the felony is a serious felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 1192.7, the person shall be punished by an additional term of five years. (C) If the felony is a violent felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 667.5, the person shall be punished by an additional term of 10 years. (2) If the underlying felony described in paragraph (1) is committed on the grounds of, or within 1,000 feet of, a public or private elementary, vocational, junior high, or high school, during hours in which the facility is open for classes or school-related programs or when minors are using the facility, that fact shall be a circumstance in aggravation of the crime in imposing a term under paragraph (1). (3) The court shall order the imposition of the middle term of the sentence enhancement, unless there are circumstances in aggravation or mitigation. The court shall state the reasons for its choice of sentencing enhancements on the record at the time of the sentencing. (4) A person who is convicted of a felony enumerated in this paragraph committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members, shall, upon conviction of that felony, be sentenced to an indeterminate term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of the indeterminate sentence calculated as the greater of: (A) The term determined by the court pursuant to Section 1170 for the underlying conviction, including any enhancement applicable under Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 1170) of Title 7 of Part 2, or any period prescribed by Section 3046, if the felony is any of the offenses enumerated in subparagraph (B) or (C) of this paragraph. (B) Imprisonment in the state prison for 15 years, if the felony is a home invasion robbery, in violation of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 213; carjacking, as defined in Section 215; a felony violation of Section 246; or a violation of Section 12022.55. (C) Imprisonment in the state prison for seven years, if the felony is extortion, as defined in Section 519; or threats to victims and witnesses, as defined in Section 136.1. (5) Except as provided in paragraph (4), a person who violates this subdivision in the commission of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life shall not be paroled until a minimum of 15 calendar years have been served. (c) If the court grants probation or suspends the execution of sentence imposed upon the defendant for a violation of subdivision (a), or in cases involving a true finding of the enhancement enumerated in subdivision (b), the court shall require that the defendant serve a minimum of 180 days in a county jail as a condition thereof. (d) A person who is convicted of a public offense, punishable as a felony or a misdemeanor, that is committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by imprisonment in a state prison for one, two, or three years, provided that a person sentenced to imprisonment in the county jail shall be imprisoned for a period not to exceed one year, but not less than 180 days, and shall not be eligible for release upon completion of sentence, parole, or any other basis, until the person has served 180 days. If the court grants probation or suspends the execution of sentence imposed upon the defendant, it shall require as a condition thereof that the defendant serve 180 days in a county jail. (e) (1) As used in this chapter, “pattern of criminal gang activity” means the commission of, attempted commission of, conspiracy to commit, or solicitation of, sustained juvenile petition for, or conviction of, two or more of the following offenses, provided at least one of these offenses occurred after the effective date of this chapter, and the last of those offenses occurred within three years of the prior offense and within three years of the date the current offense is alleged to have been committed, the offenses were committed on separate occasions or by two or more members, the offenses commonly benefited a criminal street gang, and the common benefit from the offenses is more than reputational: (A) Assault with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury, as defined in Section 245. (B) Robbery, as defined in Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 211) of Title 8. (C) Unlawful homicide or manslaughter, as defined in Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 187) of Title 8. (D) The sale, possession for sale, transportation, manufacture, offer for sale, or offer to manufacture a controlled substance as defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code. (E) Shooting at an inhabited dwelling or occupied motor vehicle, as defined in Section 246. (F) Discharging or permitting the discharge of a firearm from a motor vehicle, as defined in subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 12034 until January 1, 2012, and, on or after that date, subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 26100. (G) Arson, as defined in Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 450) of Title 13. (H) The intimidation of witnesses and victims, as defined in Section 136.1. (I) Grand theft, as defined in subdivision (a) or (c) of Section 487. (J) Grand theft of any firearm, vehicle, trailer, or vessel. (K) Burglary, as defined in Section 459. (L) Rape, as defined in Section 261. (M) Money laundering, as defined in Section 186.10. (N) Kidnapping, as defined in Section 207. (O) Mayhem, as defined in Section 203. (P) Aggravated mayhem, as defined in Section 205. (Q) Torture, as defined in Section 206. (R) Felony extortion, as defined in Sections 518 and 520. (S) Carjacking, as defined in Section 215. (T) The sale, delivery, or transfer of a firearm, as defined in Section 12072 until January 1, 2012, and, on or after that date, Article 1 (commencing with Section 27500) of Chapter 4 of Division 6 of Title 4 of Part 6. (U) Possession of a pistol, revolver, or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person in violation of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 12101 until January 1, 2012, and, on or after that date, Section 29610. (V) Threats to commit crimes resulting in death or great bodily injury, as defined in Section 422. (W) Theft and unlawful taking or driving of a vehicle, as defined in Section 10851 of the Vehicle Code. (X) Prohibited possession of a firearm in violation of Section 12021 until January 1, 2012, and, on or after that date, Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 29800) of Division 9 of Title 4 of Part 6. (Y) Carrying a concealed firearm in violation of Section 12025 until January 1, 2012, and, on or after that date, Section 25400. (Z) Carrying a loaded firearm in violation of Section 12031 until January 1, 2012, and, on or after that date, Section 25850. (2) The currently charged offense shall not be used to establish the pattern of criminal gang activity. (f) As used in this chapter, “criminal street gang” means an ongoing, organized association or group of three or more persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts enumerated in subdivision (e), having a common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity. (g) As used in this chapter, to benefit, promote, further, or assist means to provide a common benefit to members of a gang where the common benefit is more than reputational. Examples of a common benefit that are more than reputational may include, but are not limited to, financial gain or motivation, retaliation, targeting a perceived or actual gang rival, or intimidation or silencing of a potential current or previous witness or informant. (h) Notwithstanding any other law, the court may strike the additional punishment for the enhancements provided in this section or refuse to impose the minimum jail sentence for misdemeanors in an unusual case where the interests of justice would best be served, if the court specifies on the record and enters into the minutes the circumstances indicating that the interests of justice would best be served by that disposition. (i) Notwithstanding any other law, for each person committed to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Juvenile Facilities for a conviction pursuant to subdivision (a) or (b) of this section, the offense shall be deemed one for which the state shall pay the rate of 100 percent of the per capita institutional cost of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Juvenile Facilities, pursuant to former Section 912.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. (j) In order to secure a conviction or sustain a juvenile petition, pursuant to subdivision (a) it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove that the person devotes all, or a substantial part, of their time or efforts to the criminal street gang, nor is it necessary to prove that the person is a member of the criminal street gang. Active participation in the criminal street gang is all that is required. (k) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2023.
: Waffenverbot
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Verstoss gegen eine Schutzanordnung
Wer eine gerichtliche Schutz- oder Kontaktverbotsanordnung vorsätzlich und wissentlich verletzt, macht sich strafbar. Führt der Verstoss zu einer Körperverletzung des Geschützten, ist die Strafe höher. Wiederholungstäter innerhalb von sieben Jahren müssen mit Gefängnis rechnen.
Strafenormalerweise 2 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu $1.000 – $2.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 273.6 — Verstoss gegen eine SchutzanordnungWortlautzu
Wer eine gerichtliche Schutz- oder Kontaktverbotsanordnung vorsätzlich und wissentlich verletzt, macht sich strafbar. Führt der Verstoss zu einer Körperverletzung des Geschützten, ist die Strafe höher. Wiederholungstäter innerhalb von sieben Jahren müssen mit Gefängnis rechnen.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Geldstrafe bis 1.000 Dollar, bis zu einem Jahr Bezirksgefängnis oder beides. Bei Körperverletzung Geldstrafe bis 2.000 Dollar und mindestens 30 Tage bis ein Jahr Bezirksgefängnis. Bei erneuter Verurteilung innerhalb von sieben Jahren nach einem Verstoss mit Gewalt oder glaubhafter Gewaltdrohung bis zu einem Jahr Bezirksgefängnis oder 16 Monate, zwei oder drei Jahre Staatsgefängnis.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Any intentional and knowing violation of a protective order, as defined in Section 6218 of the Family Code, or of an order issued pursuant to Section 527.6, 527.8, or 527.85 of the Code of Civil Procedure, or Section 15657.03 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(b) In the event of a violation of subdivision (a) that results in physical injury, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than 30 days nor more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. However, if the person
(d) A subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a), occurring within seven years of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) and involving an act of violence or “a credible threat” of violence, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 139, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(e) In the event of a subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) for an act occurring within one year of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) that results in physical injury to a victim, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than six months nor more than one year, by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 30 days, the court may, in the interest of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce or eliminate the six-month minimum imprisonment required by this subdivision. In determining whether to reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall consider the seriousness of the facts before the court, whether
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Any intentional and knowing violation of a protective order, as defined in Section 6218 of the Family Code, or of an order issued pursuant to Section 527.6, 527.8, or 527.85 of the Code of Civil Procedure, or Section 15657.03 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. (b) In the event of a violation of subdivision (a) that results in physical injury, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than 30 days nor more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 48 hours, the court may, in the interest of justice and for reasons stated on the record, reduce or eliminate the 30-day minimum imprisonment required by this subdivision. In determining whether to reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall consider the seriousness of the facts before the court, whether there are additional allegations of a violation of the order during the pendency of the case before the court, the probability of future violations, the safety of the victim, and whether the defendant has successfully completed or is making progress with counseling. (c) Subdivisions (a) and (b) shall apply to the following court orders: (1) Any order issued pursuant to Section 6320 or 6389 of the Family Code. (2) An order excluding one party from the family dwelling or from the dwelling of the other. (3) An order enjoining a party from specified behavior that the court determined was necessary to effectuate the order described in subdivision (a). (4) Any order issued by another state that is recognized under Part 5 (commencing with Section 6400) of Division 10 of the Family Code. (d) A subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a), occurring within seven years of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) and involving an act of violence or “a credible threat” of violence, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 139, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. (e) In the event of a subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) for an act occurring within one year of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) that results in physical injury to a victim, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than six months nor more than one year, by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 30 days, the court may, in the interest of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce or eliminate the six-month minimum imprisonment required by this subdivision. In determining whether to reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall consider the seriousness of the facts before the court, whether there are additional allegations of a violation of the order during the pendency of the case before the court, the probability of future violations, the safety of the victim, and whether the defendant has successfully completed or is making progress with counseling. (f) The prosecuting agency of each county shall have the primary responsibility for the enforcement of orders described in subdivisions (a), (b), (d), and (e). (g) (1) Every person who owns, possesses, purchases, or receives a firearm knowing they are prohibited from doing so by the provisions of a protective order as defined in Section 136.2 of this code, Section 6218 of the Family Code, or Section 527.6, 527.8, or 527.85 of the Code of Civil Procedure, or Section 15657.03 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, shall be punished under Section 29825. (2) Every person subject to a protective order described in paragraph (1) shall not be prosecuted under this section for owning, possessing, purchasing, or receiving a firearm to the extent that firearm is granted an exemption pursuant to subdivision (f) of Section 527.9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, or subdivision (h) of Section 6389 of the Family Code. (h) If probation is granted upon conviction of a violation of subdivision (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e), the court shall impose probation consistent with Section 1203.097, and the conditions of probation may include, in lieu of a fine, one or both of the following requirements: (1) That the defendant make payments to a domestic violence shelter-based program or to a shelter for abused elder persons or dependent adults, up to a maximum of five thousand dollars ($5,000), pursuant to Section 1203.097. (2) That the defendant reimburse the victim for reasonable costs of counseling and other reasonable expenses that the court finds are the direct result of the defendant’s offense. (i) For any order to pay a fine, make payments to a domestic violence shelter-based program, or pay restitution as a condition of probation under subdivision (e), the court shall make a determination of the defendant’s ability to pay. In no event shall any order to make payments to a domestic violence shelter-based program be made if it would impair the ability of the defendant to pay direct restitution to the victim or court-ordered child support. Where the injury to a married person is caused in whole or in part by the criminal acts of their spouse in violation of this section, the community property may not be used to discharge the liability of the offending spouse for restitution to the injured spouse, required by Section 1203.04, as operative on or before August 2, 1995, or Section 1202.4, or to a shelter for costs with regard to the injured spouse and dependents, required by this section, until all separate property of the offending spouse is exhausted.
: Waffenverbot · Bewaehrungsauflagen · Opferentschaedigung
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $1.000 – $2.000
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Verstoss gegen eine jugendgerichtliche Schutzanordnung
Wer eine vom Jugendgericht erlassene Schutzanordnung vorsätzlich und wissentlich verletzt, macht sich strafbar. Kommt es dabei zu einer Körperverletzung, steigt die Strafe. Für Wiederholungstäter gelten Mindesthaftzeiten.
Strafenormalerweise 2 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu $1.000 – $2.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 273.65 — Verstoss gegen eine jugendgerichtliche SchutzanordnungWortlautzu
Wer eine vom Jugendgericht erlassene Schutzanordnung vorsätzlich und wissentlich verletzt, macht sich strafbar. Kommt es dabei zu einer Körperverletzung, steigt die Strafe. Für Wiederholungstäter gelten Mindesthaftzeiten.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Geldstrafe bis 1.000 Dollar, bis zu einem Jahr Bezirksgefängnis oder beides. Bei Körperverletzung Geldstrafe bis 2.000 Dollar und mindestens 30 Tage bis ein Jahr Bezirksgefängnis. Bei erneuter Verurteilung innerhalb von sieben Jahren nach einem Verstoss mit Gewalt oder glaubhafter Gewaltdrohung bis zu einem Jahr Bezirksgefängnis oder 16 Monate, zwei oder drei Jahre Staatsgefängnis.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Any intentional and knowing violation of a protective order issued pursuant to Section 213.5, 304, or 362.4 of the Welfare and Institutions Code is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(b) In the event of a violation of subdivision (a) which results in physical injury, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than 30 days nor more than one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 48 hours, the court may, in the interests of justice and for reasons stated
(d) A subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a), occurring within seven years of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) and involving an act of violence or “a credible threat” of violence, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 139, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(e) In the event of a subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) for an act occurring within one year of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) which results in physical injury to the same victim, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than six months nor more than one year, by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 30 days, the court may, in the interests of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce or eliminate the six-month minimum imprisonment required by this subdivision. In determining whether to reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall consider the seriousness of the facts before the court, whether there are additional allegations of a violation of the order during the pendency of the case before the court, the probability of future violations, the
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Any intentional and knowing violation of a protective order issued pursuant to Section 213.5, 304, or 362.4 of the Welfare and Institutions Code is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment. (b) In the event of a violation of subdivision (a) which results in physical injury, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than 30 days nor more than one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 48 hours, the court may, in the interests of justice and for reasons stated on the record, reduce or eliminate the 30-day minimum imprisonment required by this subdivision. In determining whether to reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall consider the seriousness of the facts before the court, whether there are additional allegations of a violation of the order during the pendency of the case before the court, the probability of future violations, the safety of the victim, and whether the defendant has successfully completed or is making progress with counseling. (c) Subdivisions (a) and (b) shall apply to the following court orders: (1) An order enjoining any party from molesting, attacking, striking, threatening, sexually assaulting, battering, harassing, contacting repeatedly by mail with the intent to harass, or disturbing the peace of the other party, or other named family and household members. (2) An order excluding one party from the family dwelling or from the dwelling of the other. (3) An order enjoining a party from specified behavior which the court determined was necessary to effectuate the order under subdivision (a). (d) A subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a), occurring within seven years of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) and involving an act of violence or “a credible threat” of violence, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 139, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. (e) In the event of a subsequent conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) for an act occurring within one year of a prior conviction for a violation of an order described in subdivision (a) which results in physical injury to the same victim, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than six months nor more than one year, by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. However, if the person is imprisoned in a county jail for at least 30 days, the court may, in the interests of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce or eliminate the six-month minimum imprisonment required by this subdivision. In determining whether to reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment pursuant to this subdivision, the court shall consider the seriousness of the facts before the court, whether there are additional allegations of a violation of the order during the pendency of the case before the court, the probability of future violations, the safety of the victim, and whether the defendant has successfully completed or is making progress with counseling. (f) The prosecuting agency of each county shall have the primary responsibility for the enforcement of orders issued pursuant to subdivisions (a), (b), (d), and (e). (g) The court may order a person convicted under this section to undergo counseling, and, if appropriate, to complete a batterer’s treatment program. (h) If probation is granted upon conviction of a violation of subdivision (a), (b), or (c), the conditions of probation may include, in lieu of a fine, one or both of the following requirements: (1) That the defendant make payments to a domestic violence shelter-based program, up to a maximum of five thousand dollars ($5,000), pursuant to Section 1203.097. (2) That the defendant reimburse the victim for reasonable costs of counseling and other reasonable expenses that the court finds are the direct result of the defendant’s offense. (i) For any order to pay a fine, make payments to a domestic violence shelter-based program, or pay restitution as a condition of probation under subdivision (e), the court shall make a determination of the defendant’s ability to pay. In no event shall any order to make payments to a domestic violence shelter-based program be made if it would impair the ability of the defendant to pay direct restitution to the victim or court-ordered child support.
: Bewaehrungsauflagen · Opferentschaedigung
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $1.000 – $2.000
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
Stufe steht nicht im Gesetznur im Gesetzestext
Zusatzgeldstrafe bei Sexualdelikten
Wer wegen eines meldepflichtigen Sexualdelikts verurteilt wird, zahlt zusätzlich zu jeder anderen Strafe eine feste Geldstrafe. Sie entfällt, wenn das Gericht feststellt, dass der Verurteilte sie nicht aufbringen kann. Die Einnahmen fliessen in Fonds zur Untersuchung von Sexualdelikten und zur Opferhilfe.
Strafe$300 – $500 — kein Gefängnis im Text
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 290.3 — Zusatzgeldstrafe bei SexualdeliktenWortlautzu
Wer wegen eines meldepflichtigen Sexualdelikts verurteilt wird, zahlt zusätzlich zu jeder anderen Strafe eine feste Geldstrafe. Sie entfällt, wenn das Gericht feststellt, dass der Verurteilte sie nicht aufbringen kann. Die Einnahmen fliessen in Fonds zur Untersuchung von Sexualdelikten und zur Opferhilfe.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
300 Dollar bei der ersten Verurteilung, 500 Dollar bei der zweiten und jeder weiteren, sofern der Verurteilte zahlungsfähig ist.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Every person who is convicted of any offense specified in subdivision (c) of Section 290 shall, in addition to any imprisonment or fine, or both, imposed for commission of the underlying offense, be punished by a fine of three hundred dollars ($300) upon the first conviction or a fine of five hundred dollars ($500) upon the second and each subsequent conviction, unless the court determines that the defendant does not have the ability to pay the fine.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Every person who is convicted of any offense specified in subdivision (c) of Section 290 shall, in addition to any imprisonment or fine, or both, imposed for commission of the underlying offense, be punished by a fine of three hundred dollars ($300) upon the first conviction or a fine of five hundred dollars ($500) upon the second and each subsequent conviction, unless the court determines that the defendant does not have the ability to pay the fine. An amount equal to all fines collected pursuant to this subdivision during the preceding month upon conviction of, or upon the forfeiture of bail by, any person arrested for, or convicted of, committing an offense specified in subdivision (c) of Section 290, shall be transferred once a month by the county treasurer to the Controller for deposit in the General Fund. Moneys deposited in the General Fund pursuant to this subdivision shall be transferred by the Controller as provided in subdivision (b). (b) Except as provided in subdivision (d), out of the moneys deposited pursuant to subdivision (a) as a result of second and subsequent convictions of Section 290, one-third shall first be transferred to the Department of Justice Sexual Habitual Offender Fund, as provided in paragraph (1) of this subdivision. Out of the remainder of all moneys deposited pursuant to subdivision (a), 50 percent shall be transferred to the Department of Justice Sexual Habitual Offender Fund, as provided in paragraph (1), 25 percent shall be transferred to the DNA Identification Fund, as established by Section 76104.6 of the Government Code, and 25 percent shall be allocated equally to counties that maintain a local DNA testing laboratory, as provided in paragraph (2). (1) Those moneys so designated shall be transferred to the Department of Justice Sexual Habitual Offender Fund created pursuant to paragraph (5) of subdivision (b) of Section 11170 and, when appropriated by the Legislature, shall be used for the purposes of Chapter 9.5 (commencing with Section 13885) and Chapter 10 (commencing with Section 13890) of Title 6 of Part 4 for the purpose of monitoring, apprehending, and prosecuting sexual habitual offenders. (2) Those moneys so designated shall be allocated equally and distributed quarterly to counties that maintain a local DNA testing laboratory. Before making any allocations under this paragraph, the Controller shall deduct the estimated costs that will be incurred to set up and administer the payment of these funds to the counties. Any funds allocated to a county pursuant to this paragraph shall be used by that county for the exclusive purpose of testing DNA samples for law enforcement purposes. (c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation may collect a fine imposed pursuant to this section from a person convicted of a violation of any offense listed in subdivision (c) of Section 290, that results in incarceration in a facility under the jurisdiction of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. All moneys collected by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation under this subdivision shall be transferred, once a month, to the Controller for deposit in the General Fund, as provided in subdivision (a), for transfer by the Controller, as provided in subdivision (b). (d) An amount equal to one-third of every first conviction fine collected and one-fifth of every second conviction fine collected pursuant to subdivision (a) shall be transferred to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to help defray the cost of the global positioning system used to monitor sex offender parolees.
: Registrierungspflicht
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $300 – $500
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Auskunftsdienst über registrierte Sexualstraftäter
Das Justizministerium betreibt einen Dienst, über den Bürger anfragen können, ob eine benannte Person als Sexualstraftäter registriert und öffentlich gemeldet ist. Die Auskunft darf nur im gesetzlich erlaubten Umfang erteilt werden. Wer die erlangten Angaben für Straftaten missbraucht, wird zusätzlich bestraft.
Strafenormalerweise 2 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu $500 – $1.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 290.4 — Auskunftsdienst über registrierte SexualstraftäterWortlautzu
Das Justizministerium betreibt einen Dienst, über den Bürger anfragen können, ob eine benannte Person als Sexualstraftäter registriert und öffentlich gemeldet ist. Die Auskunft darf nur im gesetzlich erlaubten Umfang erteilt werden. Wer die erlangten Angaben für Straftaten missbraucht, wird zusätzlich bestraft.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Wer die Auskunft für ein Verbrechen missbraucht: zusätzlich und anschliessend fünf Jahre Haft. Wer sie für ein Vergehen missbraucht: zusätzliche Geldstrafe neben jeder anderen Strafe.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(c) (1) Any person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a felony shall be punished, in addition and consecutive to, any other punishment, by a five-year term of imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(2) Any person who, without authorization, uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a misdemeanor shall be subject to, in addition to any other penalty or fine imposed, a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) The department shall operate a service through which members of the public may provide a list of at least six persons on a form approved by the Department of Justice and inquire whether any of those persons is required to register as a sex offender and is subject to public notification. The Department of Justice shall respond with information on any person as to whom information may be available to the public via the Internet Web site as provided in Section 290.46, to the extent that information may be disclosed pursuant to Section 290.46. The Department of Justice may establish a fee for requests, including all actual and reasonable costs associated with the service. (b) The income from the operation of the service specified in subdivision (a) shall be deposited in the Sexual Predator Public Information Account within the Department of Justice for the purpose of the implementation of this section by the Department of Justice. The moneys in the account shall consist of income from the operation of the service authorized by subdivision (a), and any other funds made available to the account by the Legislature. Moneys in the account shall be available to the Department of Justice upon appropriation by the Legislature for the purpose specified in subdivision (a). (c) (1) Any person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a felony shall be punished, in addition and consecutive to, any other punishment, by a five-year term of imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. (2) Any person who, without authorization, uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a misdemeanor shall be subject to, in addition to any other penalty or fine imposed, a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). (d) (1) A person is authorized to use information disclosed pursuant to this section only to protect a person at risk. (2) Except as authorized under paragraph (1) or any other provision of law, use of any information that is disclosed pursuant to this section for purposes relating to any of the following is prohibited: (A) Health insurance. (B) Insurance. (C) Loans. (D) Credit. (E) Employment. (F) Education, scholarships, or fellowships. (G) Housing or accommodations. (H) Benefits, privileges, or services provided by any business establishment. (3) This section shall not affect authorized access to, or use of, information pursuant to, among other provisions, Sections 11105 and 11105.3 of this code, Section 226.55 of the Civil Code, Sections 777.5 and 14409.2 of the Financial Code, Sections 1522.01 and 1596.871 of the Health and Safety Code, and Section 432.7 of the Labor Code. (4) (A) Any use of information disclosed pursuant to this section for purposes other than those provided by paragraph (1) or in violation of paragraph (2) shall make the user liable for the actual damages, and any amount that may be determined by a jury or a court sitting without a jury, not exceeding three times the amount of actual damage, and not less than two hundred fifty dollars ($250), and attorney’s fees, exemplary damages, or a civil penalty not exceeding twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000). (B) Whenever there is reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of misuse of the service specified in subdivision (a), in violation of paragraph (2), the Attorney General, any district attorney, or city attorney, or any person aggrieved by the misuse of the service is authorized to bring a civil action in the appropriate court requesting preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against the person or group of persons responsible for the pattern or practice of misuse. The foregoing remedies shall be independent of any other remedies or procedures that may be available to an aggrieved party under other provisions of law, including Part 2 (commencing with Section 43) of Division 1 of the Civil Code. (e) The Department of Justice and its employees shall be immune from liability for good faith conduct under this section. (f) The public notification provisions of this section are applicable to every person described in subdivision (a), without regard to when his or her crimes were committed or his or her duty to register pursuant to Section 290 arose, and to every offense subject to public notification pursuant to Section 290.46, regardless of when it was committed.
: Registrierungspflicht
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $500 – $1.000
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Öffentliche Warnung der Polizei vor Sexualstraftätern
Polizeibehörden dürfen die Öffentlichkeit über einen registrierten Sexualstraftäter informieren, wenn das zum Schutz der Allgemeinheit wegen seines Rückfallrisikos nötig ist. Die Behörde muss die Angaben auf das Notwendige beschränken. Wer die so veröffentlichten Angaben für Straftaten nutzt, wird zusätzlich bestraft.
Strafenormalerweise 2 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu $500 – $1.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 290.45 — Öffentliche Warnung der Polizei vor SexualstraftäternWortlautzu
Polizeibehörden dürfen die Öffentlichkeit über einen registrierten Sexualstraftäter informieren, wenn das zum Schutz der Allgemeinheit wegen seines Rückfallrisikos nötig ist. Die Behörde muss die Angaben auf das Notwendige beschränken. Wer die so veröffentlichten Angaben für Straftaten nutzt, wird zusätzlich bestraft.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Wer die veröffentlichten Angaben für ein Verbrechen nutzt: zusätzlich und anschliessend fünf Jahre Haft. Für ein Vergehen: zusätzliche Geldstrafe von mindestens 500 Dollar.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(e) (1) A person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a felony shall be punished, in addition and consecutive to any other punishment, by a five-year term of imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(2) A person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a misdemeanor shall be subject to, in addition to any other penalty or fine imposed, a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) (1) Notwithstanding any other law, and except as provided in paragraph (2), any designated law enforcement entity may provide information to the public about a person required to register as a sex offender pursuant to Section 290, by whatever means the entity deems appropriate, when necessary to ensure the public safety based upon information available to the entity concerning that specific person’s current risk of sexual or violent reoffense, including, but not limited to, the person’s static, dynamic, and violence risk levels on the SARATSO risk tools described in subdivision (f) of Section 290.04. (2) The law enforcement entity shall include, with the disclosure, a statement that the purpose of the release of information is to allow members of the public to protect themselves and their children from sex offenders. (3) Community notification by way of an Internet Web site shall be governed by Section 290.46, and a designated law enforcement entity may not post on an Internet Web site any information identifying an individual as a person required to register as a sex offender except as provided in that section unless there is a warrant outstanding for that person’s arrest. (b) Information that may be provided pursuant to subdivision (a) may include, but is not limited to, the offender’s name, known aliases, gender, race, physical description, photograph, date of birth, address, which shall be verified prior to publication, description and license plate number of the offender’s vehicles or vehicles the offender is known to drive, type of victim targeted by the offender, relevant parole or probation conditions, crimes resulting in classification under this section, and date of release from confinement, but excluding information that would identify the victim. It shall not include any Internet identifier submitted pursuant to this chapter. (c) (1) The designated law enforcement entity may authorize persons and entities who receive the information pursuant to this section to disclose information to additional persons only if the entity determines that disclosure to the additional persons will enhance the public safety and identifies the appropriate scope of further disclosure. A law enforcement entity may not authorize any disclosure of this information by placing that information on an Internet Web site, and shall not authorize disclosure of Internet identifiers submitted pursuant to this chapter, except as provided in subdivision (h). (2) A person who receives information from a law enforcement entity pursuant to paragraph (1) may disclose that information only in the manner and to the extent authorized by the law enforcement entity. (d) (1) A designated law enforcement entity and its employees shall be immune from liability for good faith conduct under this section. (2) A public or private educational institution, a day care facility, or a child care custodian described in Section 11165.7, or an employee of a public or private educational institution or day care facility which in good faith disseminates information as authorized pursuant to subdivision (c) shall be immune from civil liability. (e) (1) A person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a felony shall be punished, in addition and consecutive to any other punishment, by a five-year term of imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. (2) A person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a misdemeanor shall be subject to, in addition to any other penalty or fine imposed, a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). (f) For purposes of this section, “designated law enforcement entity” means the Department of Justice, a district attorney, the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, the Division of Juvenile Justice, and every state or local agency expressly authorized by statute to investigate or prosecute law violators. (g) The public notification provisions of this section are applicable to every person required to register pursuant to Section 290, without regard to when his or her crimes were committed or his or her duty to register pursuant to Section 290 arose, and to each offense described in Section 290, regardless of when it was committed. (h) (1) Notwithstanding any other law, a designated law enforcement entity shall only use an Internet identifier submitted pursuant to this chapter, or release that Internet identifier to another law enforcement entity, for the purpose of investigating a sex-related crime, a kidnapping, or human trafficking. (2) A designated law enforcement entity shall not disclose or authorize persons or entities to disclose an Internet identifier submitted pursuant to this chapter to the public or other persons, except as required by court order. (i) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2021.
: Registrierungspflicht
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $500 – $1.000
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Internetregister der Sexualstraftäter (Megan's Law)
Das Justizministerium veröffentlicht auf einer Internetseite Angaben zu registrierten Sexualstraftätern; Daten der Opfer werden ausgenommen. Der Paragraf listet auf, welche Delikte zu welchem Umfang der Veröffentlichung führen. Missbrauch der Daten und der Zugriff durch die Registrierten selbst sind strafbar.
Strafenormalerweise 2 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu $1.000 – $10.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 290.46 — Internetregister der Sexualstraftäter (Megan's Law)Wortlautzu
Das Justizministerium veröffentlicht auf einer Internetseite Angaben zu registrierten Sexualstraftätern; Daten der Opfer werden ausgenommen. Der Paragraf listet auf, welche Delikte zu welchem Umfang der Veröffentlichung führen. Missbrauch der Daten und der Zugriff durch die Registrierten selbst sind strafbar.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Wer die veröffentlichten Angaben für ein Vergehen nutzt: zusätzliche Geldstrafe von mindestens 10.000 Dollar. Für ein Verbrechen: zusätzlich und anschliessend fünf Jahre Haft. Ein Registrierter, der die Internetseite selbst aufruft: Geldstrafe bis 1.000 Dollar.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(H) Subdivision (a), (b), or (c) of Section 288, provided that the offense is a felony.
(J) Section 288.3, provided that the offense is a felony.
(K) Section 288.4, provided that the offense is a felony.
(h) (1) Any person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a misdemeanor shall be subject to, in addition to any other penalty or fine imposed, a fine of not less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and not more than fifty thousand dollars ($50,000).
(2) Any person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a felony shall be punished, in addition and consecutive to any other punishment, by a five-year term of imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(i) Any person who is required to register pursuant to Section 290 who enters an internet website established pursuant to this section shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), imprisonment in a county jail for a period not to exceed six months, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) (1) On or before the dates specified in this section, the Department of Justice shall make available information concerning persons who are required to register pursuant to Section 290 to the public via an internet website as specified in this section. The department shall update the internet website on an ongoing basis. All information identifying the victim by name, birth date, address, or relationship to the registrant shall be excluded from the internet website. The name or address of the person’s employer and the listed person’s criminal history other than the specific crimes for which the person is required to register shall not be included on the internet website. The internet website shall be translated into languages other than English as determined by the department. (2) (A) On or before July 1, 2010, the Department of Justice shall make available to the public, via an internet website as specified in this section, as to any person described in subdivision (b), the following information: (i) The year of conviction of the person’s most recent offense requiring registration pursuant to Section 290. (ii) The year the person was released from incarceration for that offense. However, no year of conviction shall be made available to the public unless the department also is able to make available the corresponding year of release of incarceration for that offense, and the required notation regarding any subsequent felony. (B) (i) Any state facility that releases from incarceration a person who was incarcerated because of a crime for which the person is required to register as a sex offender pursuant to Section 290 shall, within 30 days of release, provide the year of release for the person’s most recent offense requiring registration to the Department of Justice in a manner and format approved by the department. (ii) Any state facility that releases a person who is required to register pursuant to Section 290 from incarceration whose incarceration was for a felony committed subsequently to the offense for which the person is required to register shall, within 30 days of release, advise the Department of Justice of that fact. (iii) Any state facility that, prior to January 1, 2007, released from incarceration a person who was incarcerated because of a crime for which the person is required to register as a sex offender pursuant to Section 290 shall provide the year of release for the person’s most recent offense requiring registration to the Department of Justice in a manner and format approved by the department. The information provided by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall be limited to information that is currently maintained in an electronic format. (iv) Any state facility that, prior to January 1, 2007, released a person who is required to register pursuant to Section 290 from incarceration whose incarceration was for a felony committed subsequently to the offense for which the person is required to register shall advise the Department of Justice of that fact in a manner and format approved by the department. The information provided by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall be limited to information that is currently maintained in an electronic format. (3) The State Department of State Hospitals shall provide to the Department of Justice the names of all persons committed to its custody pursuant to Article 4 (commencing with Section 6600) of Chapter 2 of Part 2 of Division 6 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, within 30 days of commitment, and shall provide the names of all of those persons released from its custody within five working days of release. (b) (1) With respect to a person who has been convicted of the commission or the attempted commission of any of the offenses listed in, or who is otherwise described in, paragraph (2), or who is a tier three offender as described in paragraph (3) of subdivision (d) of Section 290, the Department of Justice shall make available to the public via the internet website the person’s name and known aliases, a photograph, a physical description, including gender and race, date of birth, criminal history, prior adjudication as a sexually violent predator, the address at which the person resides, and any other information that the Department of Justice deems relevant, but not the information excluded pursuant to subdivision (a), except that information about persons required to register as a result of an adjudication as a ward of the juvenile court pursuant to Section 290.008 shall not be made available on the internet website. The department shall also make available to the public via the internet website the person’s static SARATSO risk level, if any, and information on an elevated risk level based on the SARATSO future violence tool. Any registrant whose information is listed on the public internet website on January 1, 2022, by the Department of Justice pursuant to this subdivision, may continue to be included on the public internet website while the registrant is placed in the tier-to-be-determined category described in paragraph (5) of subdivision (d) of Section 290. (2) This subdivision shall apply to the following offenses and offenders: (A) Section 187 committed in the perpetration, or an attempt to perpetrate, rape or any act punishable under Section 286, 287, 288, or 289, or former Section 288a. (B) Section 207 committed with intent to violate Section 261, 286, 287, 288, or 289, or former Section 288a. (C) Section 209 committed with intent to violate Section 261, 286, 287, 288, or 289, or former Section 288a. (D) Paragraph (2) or (6) of subdivision (a) of Section 261. (E) Section 264.1. (F) Section 269. (G) Subdivision (c) or (d) of Section 286. (H) Subdivision (a), (b), or (c) of Section 288, provided that the offense is a felony. (I) Subdivision (c) or (d) of Section 287 or of former Section 288a. (J) Section 288.3, provided that the offense is a felony. (K) Section 288.4, provided that the offense is a felony. (L) Section 288.5. (M) Subdivision (a) or (j) of Section 289. (N) Section 288.7. (O) Any person who has ever been adjudicated a sexually violent predator, as defined in Section 6600 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. (P) A felony violation of Section 311.1. (Q) A felony violation of subdivision (b), (c), or (d) of Section 311.2. (R) A felony violation of Section 311.3. (S) A felony violation of subdivision (a), (b), or (c) of Section 311.4. (T) Section 311.10. (U) A felony violation of Section 311.11. (V) A tier three offender, as described in paragraph (3) of subdivision (d) of Section 290. (c) (1) With respect to a person who has been convicted of the commission or the attempted commission of any of the offenses listed in, or who is otherwise described in, paragraph (2) of subdivision (d) of Section 290 and who is a tier two offender, and with respect to a person who has been convicted of the commission or the attempted commission of Section 647.6, the Department of Justice shall make available to the public via the internet website the person’s name and known aliases, a photograph, a physical description, including gender and race, date of birth, criminal history, the community of residence and ZIP Code in which the person resides or the county in which the person is registered as a transient, and any other information that the Department of Justice deems relevant, but not the information excluded pursuant to subdivision (a) or the address at which the person resides, except that information about persons required to register as a result of an adjudication as a ward of the juvenile court pursuant to Section 290.008 shall not be made available on the internet website. Any registrant whose information is listed on the public internet website on January 1, 2022, by the Department of Justice pursuant to this subdivision may continue to be included on the public internet website while the registrant is placed in the tier-to-be-determined category described in paragraph (5) of subdivision (d) of Section 290. (2) Any registrant whose information was not included on the public internet website on January 1, 2022, and who is placed in the tier-to-be-determined category described in paragraph (5) of subdivision (d) of Section 290 may have the information described in this subdivision made available to the public via the public internet website. (d) (1) (A) An offender who is required to register pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration Act may apply for exclusion from the internet website if the offender demonstrates that the person’s only registerable offense is either of the following: (i) An offense for which the offender successfully completed probation, provided that the offender submits to the department a certified copy of a probation report, presentencing report, report prepared pursuant to Section 288.1, or other official court document that clearly demonstrates that the offender was the victim’s parent, stepparent, sibling, or grandparent and that the crime did not involve either oral copulation or penetration of the vagina or rectum of either the victim or the offender by the penis of the other or by any foreign object. (ii) An offense for which the offender is on probation at the time of the offender’s application, provided that the offender submits to the department a certified copy of a probation report, presentencing report, report prepared pursuant to Section 288.1, or other official court document that clearly demonstrates that the offender was the victim’s parent, stepparent, sibling, or grandparent and that the crime did not involve either oral copulation or penetration of the vagina or rectum of either the victim or the offender by the penis of the other or by any foreign object. (B) If, subsequent to the offender’s application, the offender commits a violation of probation resulting in the offender’s incarceration in county jail or state prison, the offender’s exclusion, or application for exclusion, from the internet website shall be terminated. (C) For the purposes of this paragraph, “successfully completed probation” means that during the period of probation the offender neither received additional county jail or state prison time for a violation of probation nor was convicted of another offense resulting in a sentence to county jail or state prison. (2) If the department determines that a person who was granted an exclusion under a former version of this subdivision would not qualify for an exclusion under the current version of this subdivision, the department shall rescind the exclusion, make a reasonable effort to provide notification to the person that the exclusion has been rescinded, and, no sooner than 30 days after notification is attempted, make information about the offender available to the public on the internet website as provided in this section. (3) Effective January 1, 2012, no person shall be excluded pursuant to this subdivision unless the offender has submitted to the department documentation sufficient for the department to determine that the person has a SARATSO risk level of average, below average, or very low as determined by the Coding Rules for the SARATSO static risk assessment instrument. (e) (1) A designated law enforcement entity, as defined in subdivision (f) of Section 290.45, may make available information concerning persons who are required to register pursuant to Section 290 to the public via an internet website as specified in paragraph (2), provided that the information about that person is also displayed on the Department of Justice’s Megan’s Law internet website. (2) The law enforcement entity may make available by way of an internet website the information described in subdivision (c) if it determines that the public disclosure of the information about a specific offender by way of the entity’s internet website is necessary to ensure the public safety based upon information available to the entity concerning the current risk posed by a specific offender, including the offender’s risk of sexual or violent reoffense, as indicated by the person’s SARATSO static, dynamic, and violence risk levels, as described in Section 290.04, if available. (3) The information that may be provided pursuant to this subdivision may include the information specified in subdivision (b) of Section 290.45. However, that offender’s address may not be disclosed unless the offender is a person whose address is on the Department of Justice’s internet website pursuant to subdivision (b). (f) For purposes of this section, “offense” includes the statutory predecessors of that offense, or any offense committed in another jurisdiction that, if committed or attempted to be committed in this state, would have been punishable in this state as an offense listed in subdivision (c) of Section 290. (g) Notwithstanding Section 7921.505 of the Government Code, disclosure of information pursuant to this section is not a waiver of exemptions under Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1 of the Government Code and does not affect other statutory restrictions on disclosure in other situations. (h) (1) Any person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a misdemeanor shall be subject to, in addition to any other penalty or fine imposed, a fine of not less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and not more than fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). (2) Any person who uses information disclosed pursuant to this section to commit a felony shall be punished, in addition and consecutive to any other punishment, by a five-year term of imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170. (i) Any person who is required to register pursuant to Section 290 who enters an internet website established pursuant to this section shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), imprisonment in a county jail for a period not to exceed six months, or by both that fine and imprisonment. (j) (1) A person is authorized to use information disclosed pursuant to this section only to protect a person at risk. (2) Except as authorized under paragraph (1) or any other provision of law, use of any information that is disclosed pursuant to this section for purposes relating to any of the following is prohibited: (A) Health insurance. (B) Insurance. (C) Loans. (D) Credit. (E) Employment. (F) Education, scholarships, or fellowships. (G) Housing or accommodations. (H) Benefits, privileges, or services provided by any business establishment. (3) This section shall not affect authorized access to, or use of, information pursuant to, among other provisions, Sections 11105 and 11105.3 of this code, Section 8808 of the Family Code, Sections 777.5 and 14409.2 of the Financial Code, Sections 1522.01 and 1596.871 of the Health and Safety Code, and Section 432.7 of the Labor Code. (4) (A) Any use of information disclosed pursuant to this section for purposes other than those provided by paragraph (1) or in violation of paragraph (2) shall make the user liable for the actual damages, and any amount that may be determined by a jury or a court sitting without a jury, not exceeding three times the amount of actual damage, and not less than two hundred fifty dollars ($250), and attorney’s fees, exemplary damages, or a civil penalty not exceeding twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000). (B) Whenever there is reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of misuse of the information available via an internet website established pursuant to this section in violation of paragraph (2), the Attorney General, any district attorney, or city attorney, or any person aggrieved by the misuse is authorized to bring a civil action in the appropriate court requesting preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against the person or group of persons responsible for the pattern or practice of misuse. The foregoing remedies shall be independent of any other remedies or procedures that may be available to an aggrieved party under other provisions of law, including Part 2 (commencing with Section 43) of Division 1 of the Civil Code. (k) The public notification provisions of this section are applicable to every person described in this section, without regard to when the person’s crimes were committed or the person’s duty to register pursuant to Section 290 arose, and to every offense described in this section, regardless of when it was committed. (l) A designated law enforcement entity and its employees shall be immune from liability for good faith conduct under this section. (m) The Attorney General, in collaboration with local law enforcement and others knowledgeable about sex offenders, shall develop strategies to assist members of the public in understanding and using publicly available information about registered sex offenders to further public safety. These strategies may include, but are not limited to, a hotline for community inquiries, neighborhood and business guidelines for how to respond to information posted on this internet website, and any other resource that promotes public education about these offenders. (n) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2022.
: Registrierungspflicht
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $1.000 – $10.000
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
Stufe steht nicht im Gesetznur im Gesetzestext
Entnahme von DNA-Proben und Abdrücken
Der Paragraf regelt, wann und wie von Festgenommenen und Verurteilten Speichel- oder Blutproben sowie Daumen- und Handflächenabdrücke für die DNA-Datenbank genommen werden. Er bestimmt Zuständigkeiten und Fristen für Polizei, Justizvollzug und Gerichte. Eine eigene Strafdrohung enthält er nicht.
Strafenormalerweise 2 Jahre Gefängnis
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
16 Monate·2 Jahre·3 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „16 Monate · 2 Jahre · 3 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „16 months, or two or three years“
Cal. Penal Code § 296.1 — Entnahme von DNA-Proben und AbdrückenWortlautzu
Der Paragraf regelt, wann und wie von Festgenommenen und Verurteilten Speichel- oder Blutproben sowie Daumen- und Handflächenabdrücke für die DNA-Datenbank genommen werden. Er bestimmt Zuständigkeiten und Fristen für Polizei, Justizvollzug und Gerichte. Eine eigene Strafdrohung enthält er nicht.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) The specimens, samples, and print impressions required by this chapter shall be collected from persons described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 for present and past qualifying offenses of record as follows: (1) Collection from any adult person following arrest for a felony offense as specified in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 296: (A) Each adult person arrested for a felony offense as specified in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 296 shall provide the buccal swab samples and thumb and palm print impressions and any blood or other specimens required pursuant to this chapter immediately following arrest, or during the booking or intake or prison reception center process or as soon as administratively practicable after arrest, but, in any case, prior to release on bail or pending trial or any physical release from confinement or custody. (B) If the person subject to this chapter did not have specimens, samples, and print impressions taken immediately following arrest or during booking or intake procedures or is released on bail or pending trial or is not confined or incarcerated at the time of sentencing or otherwise bypasses a prison inmate reception center maintained by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, the court shall order the person to report within five calendar days to a county jail facility or to a city, state, local, private, or other designated facility to provide the required specimens, samples, and print impressions in accordance with subdivision (i) of Section 295. (2) Collection from persons confined or in custody after conviction or adjudication: (A) Any person, including any juvenile who is imprisoned or confined or placed in a state correctional institution, a county jail, a facility within the jurisdiction of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, the Corrections Standards Authority, a residential treatment program, or any state, local, city, private, or other facility after a conviction of any felony or misdemeanor offense, or any adjudication or disposition rendered in the case of a juvenile, whether or not that crime or offense is one set forth in subdivision (a) of Section 296, shall provide buccal swab samples and thumb and palm print impressions and any blood or other specimens required pursuant to this chapter, immediately at intake, or during the prison reception center process, or as soon as administratively practicable at the appropriate custodial or receiving institution or the program in which the person is placed, if: (i) The person has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication as a ward of the court in California of a qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 or has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication in any other court, including any state, federal, or military court, of any offense that, if committed or attempted in this state, would have been punishable as an offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296; and (ii) The person’s blood specimens, buccal swab samples, and thumb and palm print impressions authorized by this chapter are not in the possession of the Department of Justice DNA Laboratory or have not been recorded as part of the department’s DNA databank program. (3) Collection from persons on probation, parole, or other release: (A) Any person, including any juvenile, who has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication for an offense set forth in subdivision (a) of Section 296, and who is on probation, parole, postrelease community supervision, or mandatory supervision pursuant to paragraph (5) of subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for any felony or misdemeanor offense, whether or not that crime or offense is one set forth in subdivision (a) of Section 296, shall provide buccal swab samples and thumb and palm print impressions and any blood specimens required pursuant to this chapter, if: (i) The person has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication as a ward of the court in California of a qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 or has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication in any other court, including any state, federal, or military court, of any offense that, if committed or attempted in this state, would have been punishable as an offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296; and (ii) The person’s blood specimens, buccal swab samples, and thumb and palm print impressions authorized by this chapter are not in the possession of the Department of Justice DNA Laboratory or have not been recorded as part of the department’s DNA databank program. (B) The person shall have any required specimens, samples, and print impressions collected within five calendar days of being notified by the court, or a law enforcement agency or other agency authorized by the Department of Justice. The specimens, samples, and print impressions shall be collected in accordance with subdivision (i) of Section 295 at a county jail facility or a city, state, local, private, or other facility designated for this collection. (4) Collection from parole violators and others returned to custody: (A) If a person, including any juvenile, who has been released on parole, furlough, or other release for any offense or crime, whether or not set forth in subdivision (a) of Section 296, is returned to a state correctional or other institution for a violation of a condition of his or her parole, furlough, or other release, or for any other reason, that person shall provide buccal swab samples and thumb and palm print impressions and any blood or other specimens required pursuant to this chapter, at a state correctional or other receiving institution, if: (i) The person has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication as a ward of the court in California of a qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 or has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication in any other court, including any state, federal, or military court, of any offense that, if committed or attempted in this state, would have been punishable as an offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296; and (ii) The person’s blood specimens, buccal swab samples, and thumb and palm print impressions authorized by this chapter are not in the possession of the Department of Justice DNA Laboratory or have not been recorded as part of the department’s DNA databank program. (5) Collection from persons accepted into California from other jurisdictions: (A) When an offender from another state is accepted into this state under any of the interstate compacts described in Article 3 (commencing with Section 11175) or Article 4 (commencing with Section 11189) of Chapter 2 of Title 1 of Part 4 of this code, or Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 1400) of Part 1 of Division 2 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, or under any other reciprocal agreement with any county, state, or federal agency, or any other provision of law, whether or not the offender is confined or released, the acceptance is conditional on the offender providing blood specimens, buccal swab samples, and palm and thumb print impressions pursuant to this chapter, if the offender has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication in California of a qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 or has a record of any past or present conviction or adjudication or had a disposition rendered in any other court, including any state, federal, or military court, of any offense that, if committed or attempted in this state, would have been punishable as an offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296. (B) If the person is not confined, the specimens, samples, and print impressions required by this chapter must be provided within five calendar days after the person reports to the supervising agent or within five calendar days of notice to the person, whichever occurs first. The person shall report to a county jail facility in the county where he or she resides or temporarily is located to have the specimens, samples, and print impressions collected pursuant to this chapter. The specimens, samples, and print impressions shall be collected in accordance with subdivision (i) of Section 295. (C) If the person is confined, he or she shall provide the blood specimens, buccal swab samples, and thumb and palm print impressions required by this chapter as soon as practicable after his or her receipt in a state, county, city, local, private, or other designated facility. (6) Collection from persons in federal institutions: (A) Subject to the approval of the Director of the FBI, persons confined or incarcerated in a federal prison or federal institution who have a record of any past or present conviction or juvenile adjudication for a qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296, or of a similar crime under the laws of the United States or any other state that would constitute an offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296, are subject to this chapter and shall provide blood specimens, buccal swab samples, and thumb and palm print impressions pursuant to this chapter if any of the following apply: (i) The person committed a qualifying offense in California. (ii) The person was a resident of California at the time of the qualifying offense. (iii) The person has any record of a California conviction for an offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296, regardless of when the crime was committed. (iv) The person will be released in California. (B) The Department of Justice DNA Laboratory shall, upon the request of the United States Department of Justice, forward portions of the specimens or samples, taken pursuant to this chapter, to the United States Department of Justice DNA databank laboratory. The specimens and samples required by this chapter shall be taken in accordance with the procedures set forth in subdivision (i) of Section 295. The Department of Justice DNA Laboratory is authorized to analyze and upload specimens and samples collected pursuant to this section upon approval of the Director of the FBI. (b) Paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6) of subdivision (a) shall have retroactive application. Collection shall occur pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6) of subdivision (a) regardless of when the crime charged or committed became a qualifying offense pursuant to this chapter, and regardless of when the person was convicted of the qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 or a similar crime under the laws of the United States or any other state, or pursuant to the United States Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C., Sections 801 and following, or when a juvenile petition is sustained for commission of a qualifying offense described in subdivision (a) of Section 296 or a similar crime under the laws of the United States or any other state.
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Ausnahme für Spielautomaten im zwischenstaatlichen Handel
Verkauf, Transport, Lagerung und Herstellung von Spielgeräten sind erlaubt, wenn sie ausschliesslich für den zwischenstaatlichen oder Auslandshandel bestimmt sind und das Bundesrecht dies nicht verbietet. Die Tätigkeit ist nur unter den im Paragrafen genannten Bedingungen zulässig. Wer sie überschreitet, macht sich strafbar.
Strafebis zu 6 Monate oder bis $1.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 330.8 — Ausnahme für Spielautomaten im zwischenstaatlichen HandelWortlautzu
Verkauf, Transport, Lagerung und Herstellung von Spielgeräten sind erlaubt, wenn sie ausschliesslich für den zwischenstaatlichen oder Auslandshandel bestimmt sind und das Bundesrecht dies nicht verbietet. Die Tätigkeit ist nur unter den im Paragrafen genannten Bedingungen zulässig. Wer sie überschreitet, macht sich strafbar.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Vergehen (misdemeanor); im Paragrafen ist kein eigenes Strafmass genannt.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
is a misdemeanor
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Notwithstanding Sections 330a, 330b, and 330.1 to 330.5, inclusive, the sale, transportation, storage, and manufacture of gambling devices, as defined in Section 330.1, including the acquisition of essential parts therefor and the assembly of such parts, is permitted, provided those devices are sold, transported, stored, and manufactured only for subsequent transportation in interstate or foreign commerce when that transportation is not prohibited by any applicable federal law. Those activities may be conducted only by persons who have registered with the United States government pursuant to Chapter 24 (commencing with Section 1171) of Title 15 of the United States Code, as amended. Those gambling devices shall not be displayed to the general public or sold for use in California regardless of where purchased, nor held nor manufactured in violation of any applicable federal law. A violation of this section is a misdemeanor.
Kein eigenes Strafmaß im Text. Dann gilt Cal. Penal Code § 19: bis 6 Monate Haft oder bis $1.000 — diese Zahlen stehen dort, nicht hier.
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
nur im Gesetzestext
Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung älterer und pflegebedürftiger Menschen
Wer weiss oder wissen muss, dass eine Person alt oder pflegebedürftig ist, und sie vorsätzlich leiden lässt, ihr unnötige körperliche oder seelische Schmerzen zufügt oder sie als Betreuer verletzt oder in Gefahr bringt, macht sich strafbar. Die Strafe ist deutlich höher, wenn die Umstände geeignet waren, schwere Körperverletzung oder den Tod herbeizuführen. Der Paragraf erfasst daneben auch die finanzielle Ausbeutung älterer Menschen.
Strafenormalerweise 3 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu bis $10.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
2·3·4 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „2 · 3 · 4 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „two, three, or four years“
Cal. Penal Code § 368 — Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung älterer und pflegebedürftiger MenschenWortlautzu
Wer weiss oder wissen muss, dass eine Person alt oder pflegebedürftig ist, und sie vorsätzlich leiden lässt, ihr unnötige körperliche oder seelische Schmerzen zufügt oder sie als Betreuer verletzt oder in Gefahr bringt, macht sich strafbar. Die Strafe ist deutlich höher, wenn die Umstände geeignet waren, schwere Körperverletzung oder den Tod herbeizuführen. Der Paragraf erfasst daneben auch die finanzielle Ausbeutung älterer Menschen.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Bei Umständen, die geeignet sind, schwere Körperverletzung oder den Tod herbeizuführen: bis zu einem Jahr Bezirksgefängnis, Geldstrafe bis 6.000 Dollar oder beides oder zwei, drei oder vier Jahre Staatsgefängnis. Bei schwerer Körperverletzung zusätzlich drei Jahre, bei einem Opfer ab 70 Jahren fünf Jahre. Verursacht der Täter den Tod, zusätzlich fünf Jahre, bei einem Opfer ab 70 Jahren sieben Jahre.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(b) (1) A person who knows or reasonably should know that a person is an elder or dependent adult and who, under circumstances or conditions likely to produce great bodily harm or death, willfully causes or permits any elder or dependent adult to suffer, or inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or having the care or custody of any elder or dependent adult, willfully causes or permits the person or health of the elder or dependent adult to be injured, or willfully causes or permits the elder or dependent adult to be placed in a situation in which their person or health is endangered, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by a fine not to exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years.
(c) A person who knows or reasonably should know that a person is an elder or dependent adult and who, under circumstances or conditions other than those likely to produce great bodily harm or death, willfully causes or permits any elder or dependent adult to suffer, or inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or having the care or custody of any elder or dependent adult, willfully causes or permits the person or health of the elder or dependent adult to be injured or willfully causes or permits the elder or dependent adult to be placed in a situation in which their person or health may be endangered, is guilty of a misdemeanor. A second or subsequent violation of this subdivision is punishable by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(1) By a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years, or by both that fine and imprisonment, when the moneys, labor, goods, services, or real or personal property taken or obtained is of a value exceeding nine hundred fifty dollars ($950).
(2) By a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, when the moneys, labor, goods, services, or real or personal property taken or obtained is of a value not exceeding nine hundred fifty dollars ($950).
(f) A person who commits the false imprisonment of an elder or a dependent adult by the use of violence, menace, fraud, or deceit is punishable by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) The Legislature finds and declares that elders, adults whose physical or mental disabilities or other limitations restrict their ability to carry out normal activities or to protect their rights, and adults admitted as inpatients to a 24-hour health facility deserve special consideration and protection. (b) (1) A person who knows or reasonably should know that a person is an elder or dependent adult and who, under circumstances or conditions likely to produce great bodily harm or death, willfully causes or permits any elder or dependent adult to suffer, or inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or having the care or custody of any elder or dependent adult, willfully causes or permits the person or health of the elder or dependent adult to be injured, or willfully causes or permits the elder or dependent adult to be placed in a situation in which their person or health is endangered, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by a fine not to exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years. (2) If, in the commission of an offense described in paragraph (1), the victim suffers great bodily injury, as defined in Section 12022.7, the defendant shall receive an additional term in the state prison as follows: (A) Three years if the victim is under 70 years of age. (B) Five years if the victim is 70 years of age or older. (3) If, in the commission of an offense described in paragraph (1), the defendant proximately causes the death of the victim, the defendant shall receive an additional term in the state prison as follows: (A) Five years if the victim is under 70 years of age. (B) Seven years if the victim is 70 years of age or older. (c) A person who knows or reasonably should know that a person is an elder or dependent adult and who, under circumstances or conditions other than those likely to produce great bodily harm or death, willfully causes or permits any elder or dependent adult to suffer, or inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or having the care or custody of any elder or dependent adult, willfully causes or permits the person or health of the elder or dependent adult to be injured or willfully causes or permits the elder or dependent adult to be placed in a situation in which their person or health may be endangered, is guilty of a misdemeanor. A second or subsequent violation of this subdivision is punishable by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. (d) A person who is not a caretaker who violates any provision of law proscribing theft, embezzlement, forgery, or fraud, or who violates Section 530.5 proscribing identity theft, with respect to the property or personal identifying information of an elder or a dependent adult, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is an elder or a dependent adult, is punishable as follows: (1) By a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years, or by both that fine and imprisonment, when the moneys, labor, goods, services, or real or personal property taken or obtained is of a value exceeding nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). (2) By a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, when the moneys, labor, goods, services, or real or personal property taken or obtained is of a value not exceeding nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). (e) A caretaker of an elder or a dependent adult who violates any provision of law proscribing theft, embezzlement, forgery, or fraud, or who violates Section 530.5 proscribing identity theft, with respect to the property or personal identifying information of that elder or dependent adult, is punishable as follows: (1) By a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years, or by both that fine and imprisonment, when the moneys, labor, goods, services, or real or personal property taken or obtained is of a value exceeding nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). (2) By a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, when the moneys, labor, goods, services, or real or personal property taken or obtained is of a value not exceeding nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). (f) A person who commits the false imprisonment of an elder or a dependent adult by the use of violence, menace, fraud, or deceit is punishable by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years. (g) As used in this section, “elder” means a person who is 65 years of age or older. (h) As used in this section, “dependent adult” means a person, regardless of whether the person lives independently, who is between the ages of 18 and 64, who has physical or mental limitations which restrict their ability to carry out normal activities or to protect their rights, including, but not limited to, persons who have physical or developmental disabilities or whose physical or mental abilities have diminished because of age. “Dependent adult” includes a person between the ages of 18 and 64 who is admitted as an inpatient to a 24-hour health facility, as defined in Sections 1250, 1250.2, and 1250.3 of the Health and Safety Code. (i) As used in this section, “caretaker” means a person who has the care, custody, or control of, or who stands in a position of trust with, an elder or a dependent adult. (j) Nothing in this section shall preclude prosecution under both this section and Section 187 or 12022.7 or any other provision of law. However, a person shall not receive an additional term of imprisonment under both paragraphs (2) and (3) of subdivision (b) for a single offense, nor shall a person receive an additional term of imprisonment under both Section 12022.7 and paragraph (2) or (3) of subdivision (b) for a single offense. (k) In any case in which a person is convicted of violating these provisions, the court may require them to receive appropriate counseling as a condition of probation. A defendant ordered to be placed in a counseling program shall be responsible for paying the expense of participation in the counseling program as determined by the court. The court shall take into consideration the ability of the defendant to pay, and no defendant shall be denied probation because of the inability to pay. (l) Upon conviction for a violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f), the sentencing court shall also consider issuing an order restraining the defendant from any contact with the victim, which may be valid for up to 10 years, as determined by the court. It is the intent of the Legislature that the length of any restraining order be based upon the seriousness of the facts before the court, the probability of future violations, the safety of the victim and their immediate family, and the information provided to the court pursuant to Section 273.75. This protective order may be issued by the court whether the defendant is sentenced to state prison or county jail, or if imposition of sentence is suspended and the defendant is placed on probation.
Strafschärfung — der Wert ist ein Zusatzterm, keine Grundstrafe
: Bewährung
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe bis $10.000
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
Stufe steht nicht im Gesetznur im Gesetzestext
Verkehrsschulung nach Verstössen an Bahnübergängen
In Bezirken mit mehr als 500.000 Einwohnern kann das Gericht anordnen, dass jemand, der wegen eines Verstosses im Zusammenhang mit dem Schienenverkehr verurteilt wurde, eine Verkehrsschulung mit einem Film zur Bahnsicherheit besucht. Betroffen sind unter anderem Verstösse nach den §§ 369g und 369i sowie Verstösse an Bahnübergängen nach dem Fahrzeuggesetz.
Strafe$100 – $200 — kein Gefängnis im Text
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 369b — Verkehrsschulung nach Verstössen an BahnübergängenWortlautzu
In Bezirken mit mehr als 500.000 Einwohnern kann das Gericht anordnen, dass jemand, der wegen eines Verstosses im Zusammenhang mit dem Schienenverkehr verurteilt wurde, eine Verkehrsschulung mit einem Film zur Bahnsicherheit besucht. Betroffen sind unter anderem Verstösse nach den §§ 369g und 369i sowie Verstösse an Bahnübergängen nach dem Fahrzeuggesetz.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Beim ersten Verstoss nach Ermessen des Gerichts: Besuch einer Verkehrsschulung zur Bahnsicherheit oder zusätzliche Geldstrafe von 100 Dollar oder beides. Bei jedem weiteren Verstoss: zusätzliche Geldstrafe bis zu 200 Dollar und Besuch der Verkehrsschulung.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(c) For a first offense, a court, at its discretion, may order any person cited for any of the following violations to attend a traffic school offering a rail safety presentation, Internet rail safety test, or rail transit safety film prepared by a county transportation commission or authority, pay an additional fine of one hundred dollars ($100), or both:
(d) For a second or subsequent violation as provided in subdivision (c), a court shall order a person to pay an additional fine of up to two hundred dollars ($200) and to attend a traffic school offering a rail safety presentation, Internet rail safety test, or rail safety film prepared by a county transportation commission or authority.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) This section shall only apply to counties with a population greater than 500,000. (b) The court may order any person convicted of a rail transit related traffic violation, as listed in subdivision (c), to attend a traffic school that offers, as a part of its curriculum, a film developed or caused to be developed by a transportation commission or authority on rail transit safety. (c) For a first offense, a court, at its discretion, may order any person cited for any of the following violations to attend a traffic school offering a rail safety presentation, Internet rail safety test, or rail transit safety film prepared by a county transportation commission or authority, pay an additional fine of one hundred dollars ($100), or both: (1) Section 369g. (2) Section 369i. (3) Subdivision (c) of Section 21752, Section 22450, 22451, or 22452, or subdivision (c) of Section 22526, of the Vehicle Code, involving railroad grade crossings. (d) For a second or subsequent violation as provided in subdivision (c), a court shall order a person to pay an additional fine of up to two hundred dollars ($200) and to attend a traffic school offering a rail safety presentation, Internet rail safety test, or rail safety film prepared by a county transportation commission or authority. (e) All fines collected according to this section shall be distributed pursuant to Sections 1463 and 1463.12, as applicable.
Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Gesundheit und Sicherheit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $100 – $200
Kapitel bei leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

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Orientierung, keine verbindliche Auskunft — das letzte Wort hat das Gericht. Katalog: leginfo.legislature.ca.gov — California Penal Code, Stand 2026-08-30, 1419 Paragraphen. Verbindlich ist der englische Wortlaut; die deutsche Fassung ist eine Arbeitsübersetzung und steht an jedem Paragraphen zum Aufklappen daneben — für 5 Paragraphen liegt sie noch nicht vor.

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1·Was ist passiert?

Zeugen- und Opferbeeinflussung

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Beteiligung an einer kriminellen Bande und Bandenzuschlag

Die 3 Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Verstoss gegen eine Schutzanordnung

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Verstoss gegen eine jugendgerichtliche Schutzanordnung

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Zusatzgeldstrafe bei Sexualdelikten

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Auskunftsdienst über registrierte Sexualstraftäter

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Öffentliche Warnung der Polizei vor Sexualstraftätern

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Internetregister der Sexualstraftäter (Megan's Law)

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Entnahme von DNA-Proben und Abdrücken

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Ausnahme für Spielautomaten im zwischenstaatlichen Handel

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung älterer und pflegebedürftiger Menschen

Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

Verkehrsschulung nach Verstössen an Bahnübergängen

Strafe auf Deutsch — Arbeitsübersetzung

Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)

Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)

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1Was ist passiert?

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