Department of Justice
Welche Paragraphen gelten?
Sagen Sie, was passiert ist — und Sie bekommen die Paragraphen des kalifornischen Gesetzes, die dafür gelten. Jeden mit Fundstelle zum Kopieren.
1Was ist passiert?
Schreiben Sie in eigenen Worten, was passiert ist. Ganze Sätze sind richtig; steckt mehr als eine Tat darin, werden sie getrennt. Ein Stichwort geht genauso — „Raub“, „Einbruch“, „211“.
124 Taten gefunden · Seite 4 von 11
Eheschließung unter falscher Identität
Wer sich fälschlich für einen anderen ausgibt und in dieser angenommenen Rolle heiratet, eine Ehe vortäuscht oder sich wie ein Ehepartner verhält, macht sich strafbar. Ob die andere Person eingeweiht ist, spielt keine Rolle.
Strafekeine Zahl im Gesetz — nur der Wortlaut, unter „Mehr dazu“
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 528 — Eheschließung unter falscher IdentitätWortlautzu
Wer sich fälschlich für einen anderen ausgibt und in dieser angenommenen Rolle heiratet, eine Ehe vortäuscht oder sich wie ein Ehepartner verhält, macht sich strafbar. Ob die andere Person eingeweiht ist, spielt keine Rolle.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Verbrechen (felony); der Paragraf selbst nennt kein Strafmaß.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
guilty of a felony
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Every person who falsely personates another, and in such assumed character marries or pretends to marry, or to sustain the marriage relation towards another, with or without the connivance of such other, is guilty of a felony.
Straftaten gegen das Vermögen · Teil 1
Grundstücke als Gewinn bei Verlosungen
Wer wissentlich und planmäßig ein Grundstück als Gewinn bei einer Zahlenverlosung oder zusammen mit Eintrittskarten für Veranstaltungen anbietet oder abgibt und dafür Gebühren für die Übertragung verlangt oder erhebt, macht sich strafbar. Erfasst ist die Kopplung eines Grundstücksgewinns an eine Verlosung oder an Eintrittskarten. Strafbar wird die Sache dadurch, dass für die Übertragung Gebühren verlangt oder erhoben werden.
Strafebis zu 6 Monate oder bis $1.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 532c — Grundstücke als Gewinn bei VerlosungenWortlautzu
Wer wissentlich und planmäßig ein Grundstück als Gewinn bei einer Zahlenverlosung oder zusammen mit Eintrittskarten für Veranstaltungen anbietet oder abgibt und dafür Gebühren für die Übertragung verlangt oder erhebt, macht sich strafbar. Erfasst ist die Kopplung eines Grundstücksgewinns an eine Verlosung oder an Eintrittskarten. Strafbar wird die Sache dadurch, dass für die Übertragung Gebühren verlangt oder erhoben werden.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Vergehen (misdemeanor); der Paragraf selbst nennt kein Strafmaß.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
guilty of a misdemeanor
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Any person, firm, corporation or copartnership who knowingly and designedly offers or gives with winning numbers at any drawing of numbers or with tickets of admission to places of public assemblage, any lot or parcel of real property and charges or collects fees in connection with the transfer thereof, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Kein eigenes Strafmaß im Text. Dann gilt Cal. Penal Code § 19: bis 6 Monate Haft oder bis $1.000 — diese Zahlen stehen dort, nicht hier.
Straftaten gegen das Vermögen · Teil 1
Einreichen falscher Forderungen bei einer Behörde
Wer in Täuschungsabsicht einer staatlichen, bezirklichen, städtischen oder bezirksübergreifenden Stelle eine falsche oder erfundene Forderung, Rechnung, Abrechnung oder einen Beleg zur Bewilligung oder Auszahlung vorlegt, macht sich strafbar. Als Amtsträger gilt dabei auch ein Kostenträger, der für eine solche Stelle als Beauftragter handelt.
Strafebis zu 1 Jahr Gefängnis· dazu bis $10.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 72 — Einreichen falscher Forderungen bei einer BehördeWortlautzu
Wer in Täuschungsabsicht einer staatlichen, bezirklichen, städtischen oder bezirksübergreifenden Stelle eine falsche oder erfundene Forderung, Rechnung, Abrechnung oder einen Beleg zur Bewilligung oder Auszahlung vorlegt, macht sich strafbar. Als Amtsträger gilt dabei auch ein Kostenträger, der für eine solche Stelle als Beauftragter handelt.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Freiheitsstrafe im Bezirksgefängnis bis zu einem Jahr oder Geldstrafe bis zu 1.000 Dollar oder beides; oder Freiheitsstrafe nach Section 1170 Buchstabe h oder Geldstrafe bis zu 10.000 Dollar oder beides.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
Every person who, with intent to defraud, presents for allowance or for payment to any state board or officer, or to any county, city, or district board or officer, authorized to allow or pay the same if genuine, any false or fraudulent claim, bill, account, voucher, or writing, is punishable either by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not more than one year, by a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170, by a fine of not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both such imprisonment and fine.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Every person who, with intent to defraud, presents for allowance or for payment to any state board or officer, or to any county, city, or district board or officer, authorized to allow or pay the same if genuine, any false or fraudulent claim, bill, account, voucher, or writing, is punishable either by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not more than one year, by a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170, by a fine of not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both such imprisonment and fine. As used in this section “officer” includes a “carrier,” as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 14124.70 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, authorized to act as an agent for a state board or officer or a county, city, or district board or officer, as the case may be.
- haft-nach-1170h-ohne-zahlen
Straftaten durch und gegen die vollziehende Gewalt des Staates · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe bis $10.000
Einreichen falscher oder gefälschter Urkunden bei einer Behörde
Wer wissentlich veranlasst oder anbietet, dass eine falsche oder gefälschte Urkunde bei einer öffentlichen Stelle in Kalifornien eingereicht, registriert oder eingetragen wird, macht sich strafbar, sofern die Urkunde im Echtfall eintragungsfähig wäre. Jede einzelne Urkunde bildet eine eigene Tat. In bestimmten Fällen ist Bewährung ausgeschlossen.
Strafekeine Zahl im Gesetz — nur der Wortlaut, unter „Mehr dazu“
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 115 — Einreichen falscher oder gefälschter Urkunden bei einer BehördeWortlautzu
Wer wissentlich veranlasst oder anbietet, dass eine falsche oder gefälschte Urkunde bei einer öffentlichen Stelle in Kalifornien eingereicht, registriert oder eingetragen wird, macht sich strafbar, sofern die Urkunde im Echtfall eintragungsfähig wäre. Jede einzelne Urkunde bildet eine eigene Tat. In bestimmten Fällen ist Bewährung ausgeschlossen.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Als Verbrechen (felony) strafbar.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Every person who knowingly procures or offers any false or forged instrument to be filed, registered, or recorded in any public office within this state, which instrument, if genuine, might be filed, registered, or recorded under any law of this state or of the United States, is guilty of a felony.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Every person who knowingly procures or offers any false or forged instrument to be filed, registered, or recorded in any public office within this state, which instrument, if genuine, might be filed, registered, or recorded under any law of this state or of the United States, is guilty of a felony. (b) Each instrument which is procured or offered to be filed, registered, or recorded in violation of subdivision (a) shall constitute a separate violation of this section. (c) Except in unusual cases where the interests of justice would best be served if probation is granted, probation shall not be granted to, nor shall the execution or imposition of sentence be suspended for, any of the following persons: (1) Any person with a prior conviction under this section who is again convicted of a violation of this section in a separate proceeding. (2) Any person who is convicted of more than one violation of this section in a single proceeding, with intent to defraud another, and where the violations resulted in a cumulative financial loss exceeding one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000). (d) For purposes of prosecution under this section, each act of procurement or of offering a false or forged instrument to be filed, registered, or recorded shall be considered a separately punishable offense. (e) (1) After a person is convicted of a violation of this section, or a plea is entered whereby a charge alleging a violation of this section is dismissed and waiver is obtained pursuant to People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754, upon written motion of the prosecuting agency, the court, after a hearing described in subdivision (f), shall issue a written order that the false or forged instrument be adjudged void ab initio if the court determines that an order is appropriate under applicable law. The order shall state whether the instrument is false or forged, or both false and forged, and describe the nature of the falsity or forgery. A copy of the instrument shall be attached to the order at the time it is issued by the court and a certified copy of the order shall be filed, registered, or recorded at the appropriate public office by the prosecuting agency. (2) (A) If the order pertains to a false or forged instrument that has been recorded with a county recorder, an order made pursuant to this section shall be recorded in the county where the affected real property is located. The order shall also reference the county recorder’s document recording number of any notice of pendency of action recorded pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (f). (B) As to any order, notice of pendency of action, or withdrawal of notice of pendency of action recorded pursuant to this section, recording fees shall be waived pursuant to Section 27383 of the Government Code. (f) A prosecuting agency shall use the following procedures in filing a motion under subdivision (e): (1) Within 10 calendar days of filing a criminal complaint or indictment alleging a violation of this section, the prosecuting agency shall provide written notice by certified mail to all parties who have an interest in the property affected by the false or forged instrument, or in the instrument itself, including those described in paragraph (5). (2) (A) Within 10 calendar days of filing a criminal complaint or indictment alleging a violation of this section, the prosecuting agency shall record a notice of pendency of action in the county in which the affected real property is located. (B) Within 10 calendar days of the case being adjudicated or dismissed without obtaining an order pursuant to subdivision (e), the prosecuting agency shall record a withdrawal of the notice of pendency of action in the county where the affected real property is located. (3) The written notice and notice of pendency of action described in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall inform the interested parties that a criminal action has commenced that may result in adjudications against the false or forged instrument or the property affected by the false or forged instrument, and shall notify the interested parties of their right to be heard if a motion is brought under subdivision (e) to void the false or forged instrument. The notice shall state the street address, if available, and the legal description of the affected real property. (4) Failure of the prosecuting agency to provide written notice or record a pendency of action as required under paragraphs (1) and (2) within 10 calendar days shall not prevent the prosecuting agency from later making a motion under subdivision (e), but the court shall take the failure to provide notice or record a pendency of action as required under paragraphs (1) and (2) as reason to provide any interested parties additional time to respond to the motion. Failure of the prosecuting agency to so notify interested parties under this subdivision or record a pendency of action as required under paragraphs (1) and (2) within 10 calendar days shall create a presumption that a finding as described in paragraph (9) is necessary to protect the property rights of the interested party or parties. (5) If the instrument sought to be declared void involves real property, “interested parties” include, but are not limited to, all parties who have recorded with the county recorder in the county where the affected property is located any of the following: a deed, lien, mortgage, deed of trust, security interest, lease, or other instrument declaring an interest in, or requesting notice relating to, the property affected by the false or forged instrument as of the date of the filing of the criminal complaint or indictment. (6) Any party not required to be noticed under paragraph (1) or (5) who nonetheless notifies the prosecuting agency in writing of the party’s desire to be notified if a motion is brought under subdivision (e) to void the false or forged instrument shall be treated as an interested party as defined in paragraph (1) or (5). (7) The court shall set a hearing for the motion brought by the prosecuting agency under subdivision (e) no earlier than 90 calendar days from the date the motion is made. The prosecuting agency shall provide a copy by certified mail of the written motion and a notice of hearing to all interested parties described in paragraphs (1), (5), or (6), and all other persons who obtain an interest in the property prior to recordation of notice of pendency of action no later than 90 days before the hearing date set by the court. The notice shall state the street address, if available, and the legal description of the affected real property. (8) At a hearing on a motion brought by the prosecuting agency under subdivision (e), the defendant, prosecuting agency, and interested parties described in paragraphs (1), (5), or (6), shall have a right to be heard and present information to the court. No party shall be denied a right to present information due to a lack of notice by the prosecuting agency or failure to contact the prosecuting agency or the court prior to the hearing. (9) (A) At a hearing on a motion brought by a prosecuting agency under subdivision (e), if the court determines that the interests of justice or the need to protect the property rights of any person or party so requires, including, but not limited to, a finding that the matter may be more appropriately determined in a civil proceeding, the court may decline to make a determination under subdivision (e). (B) If, prior to the hearing on the motion, any person or party files a quiet title action that seeks a judicial determination of the validity of the same false or forged instrument that is the subject of the motion, or the status of an interested party as a bona fide purchaser of, or bona fide holder of an encumbrance on, the property affected by the false or forged instrument, the court may consider that as an additional but not dispositive factor in making its determination under subdivision (e); provided, however, that a final judgment previously entered in that quiet title action shall be followed to the extent otherwise required by law. (g) As used in this section, “prosecuting agency” means a city attorney, a district attorney, the Attorney General, or other state or local agency actively prosecuting a case under this section. (h) An order made pursuant to subdivision (e) shall be considered a judgment, and subject to appeal in accordance with, paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 904.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1
Falsche Grundbuchurkunden und Falschangaben gegenüber dem Notar
Wer beim Grundbuchamt des County wissentlich eine falsche oder gefälschte Urkunde einreicht, die das Eigentum an einem Wohnhaus mit höchstens vier Wohneinheiten betrifft, es belastet oder mit einer Hypothek oder Grundschuld beschwert, macht sich strafbar. Ebenso strafbar ist, wer gegenüber einem Notar wissentlich falsche eidesstattliche Angaben macht, um eine unzulässige Beurkundung zu einer solchen Immobilie zu erreichen.
Strafebis $75.000 — kein Gefängnis im Text
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 115.5 — Falsche Grundbuchurkunden und Falschangaben gegenüber dem NotarWortlautzu
Wer beim Grundbuchamt des County wissentlich eine falsche oder gefälschte Urkunde einreicht, die das Eigentum an einem Wohnhaus mit höchstens vier Wohneinheiten betrifft, es belastet oder mit einer Hypothek oder Grundschuld beschwert, macht sich strafbar. Ebenso strafbar ist, wer gegenüber einem Notar wissentlich falsche eidesstattliche Angaben macht, um eine unzulässige Beurkundung zu einer solchen Immobilie zu erreichen.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Für das Einreichen einer falschen Urkunde zusätzlich zu jeder anderen Strafe eine Geldstrafe bis zu 75.000 Dollar. Die Falschangabe gegenüber dem Notar ist als Verbrechen (felony) strafbar.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Every person who files any false or forged document or instrument with the county recorder which affects title to, places an encumbrance on, or places an interest secured by a mortgage or deed of trust on, real property consisting of a single-family residence containing not more than four dwelling units, with knowledge that the document is false or forged, is punishable, in addition to any other punishment, by a fine not exceeding seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000).
(b) Every person who makes a false sworn statement to a notary public, with knowledge that the statement is false, to induce the notary public to perform an improper notarial act on an instrument or document affecting title to, or placing an encumbrance on, real property consisting of a single-family residence containing not more than four dwelling units is guilty of a felony.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Every person who files any false or forged document or instrument with the county recorder which affects title to, places an encumbrance on, or places an interest secured by a mortgage or deed of trust on, real property consisting of a single-family residence containing not more than four dwelling units, with knowledge that the document is false or forged, is punishable, in addition to any other punishment, by a fine not exceeding seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000). (b) Every person who makes a false sworn statement to a notary public, with knowledge that the statement is false, to induce the notary public to perform an improper notarial act on an instrument or document affecting title to, or placing an encumbrance on, real property consisting of a single-family residence containing not more than four dwelling units is guilty of a felony.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe bis $75.000
Vortäuschen einer behördlichen Auskunftsanforderung
Wer einem anderen ein Schreiben, Formular oder eine sonstige Mitteilung sendet, die den Anschein einer Auskunftsanforderung des Staates, eines County, einer Stadt oder einer anderen Behörde erweckt, obwohl das nicht zutrifft, und ihn dadurch täuschen will, macht sich strafbar.
Strafebis zu 6 Monate oder bis $1.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 146b — Vortäuschen einer behördlichen AuskunftsanforderungWortlautzu
Wer einem anderen ein Schreiben, Formular oder eine sonstige Mitteilung sendet, die den Anschein einer Auskunftsanforderung des Staates, eines County, einer Stadt oder einer anderen Behörde erweckt, obwohl das nicht zutrifft, und ihn dadurch täuschen will, macht sich strafbar.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Als Vergehen (misdemeanor) strafbar.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
Every person who, with intent to lead another to believe that a request or demand for information is being made by the State, a county, city, or other governmental entity, when such is not the case, sends to such other person a written or printed form or other communication which reasonably appears to be such request or demand by such governmental entity, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Every person who, with intent to lead another to believe that a request or demand for information is being made by the State, a county, city, or other governmental entity, when such is not the case, sends to such other person a written or printed form or other communication which reasonably appears to be such request or demand by such governmental entity, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Kein eigenes Strafmaß im Text. Dann gilt Cal. Penal Code § 19: bis 6 Monate Haft oder bis $1.000 — diese Zahlen stehen dort, nicht hier.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1
Beiseiteschaffen von Vermögen durch einen Schuldner
Ein Schuldner, der sein Vermögen betrügerisch aus dem Staat verbringt oder es verkauft, überträgt, abtritt oder verbirgt, um seine Gläubiger zu schädigen, zu behindern oder hinzuhalten, macht sich strafbar. Handelt es sich um Warenbestände im Wert von mehr als 250 Dollar, wiegt die Tat schwerer.
Strafebis zu 1 Jahr Gefängnis· dazu bis $1.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 154 — Beiseiteschaffen von Vermögen durch einen SchuldnerWortlautzu
Ein Schuldner, der sein Vermögen betrügerisch aus dem Staat verbringt oder es verkauft, überträgt, abtritt oder verbirgt, um seine Gläubiger zu schädigen, zu behindern oder hinzuhalten, macht sich strafbar. Handelt es sich um Warenbestände im Wert von mehr als 250 Dollar, wiegt die Tat schwerer.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Freiheitsstrafe im Bezirksgefängnis bis zu einem Jahr oder Geldstrafe bis zu 1.000 Dollar oder beides. Bei Warenbeständen im Wert über 250 Dollar: als Verbrechen (felony) strafbar.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) Every debtor who fraudulently removes his or her property or effects out of this state, or who fraudulently sells, conveys, assigns or conceals his or her property with intent to defraud, hinder or delay his or her creditors of their rights, claims, or demands, is punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) Every debtor who fraudulently removes his or her property or effects out of this state, or who fraudulently sells, conveys, assigns or conceals his or her property with intent to defraud, hinder or delay his or her creditors of their rights, claims, or demands, is punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment. (b) Where the property so removed, sold, conveyed, assigned, or concealed consists of a stock in trade, or a part thereof, of a value exceeding two hundred fifty dollars ($250), the offense shall be a felony and punishable as such.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe bis $1.000
Unterschieben eines Kindes zur Erschleichung einer Erbschaft
Wer ein Kind betrügerisch vorzeigt und wahrheitswidrig behauptet, es stamme von einem Elternteil, dessen Kind erbberechtigt wäre, um damit eine Erbschaft oder einen Nachlassanteil den wirklich Berechtigten zu entziehen, macht sich strafbar.
Strafenormalerweise 3 Jahre Gefängnis
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
2·3·4 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „2 · 3 · 4 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
- Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
- Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
- Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „two, three or four years“
Cal. Penal Code § 156 — Unterschieben eines Kindes zur Erschleichung einer ErbschaftWortlautzu
Wer ein Kind betrügerisch vorzeigt und wahrheitswidrig behauptet, es stamme von einem Elternteil, dessen Kind erbberechtigt wäre, um damit eine Erbschaft oder einen Nachlassanteil den wirklich Berechtigten zu entziehen, macht sich strafbar.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Freiheitsstrafe nach Section 1170 Buchstabe h von zwei, drei oder vier Jahren.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
Every person who fraudulently produces an infant, falsely pretending it to have been born of any parent whose child would be entitled to inherit any real estate or to receive a share of any personal estate, with intent to intercept the inheritance of any such real estate, or the distribution of any such personal estate from any person lawfully entitled thereto, is punishable by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three or four
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Every person who fraudulently produces an infant, falsely pretending it to have been born of any parent whose child would be entitled to inherit any real estate or to receive a share of any personal estate, with intent to intercept the inheritance of any such real estate, or the distribution of any such personal estate from any person lawfully entitled thereto, is punishable by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three or four years.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1
Straferhöhung bei schwerer Wirtschaftskriminalität
Wer in einem Verfahren wegen zweier oder mehrerer zusammenhängender Verbrechen verurteilt wird, deren wesentliches Merkmal Betrug oder Unterschlagung ist und die als Muster zusammenhängender Taten einen Schaden von mehr als 100.000 Dollar verursacht haben, erhält eine zusätzliche Strafe. Diese Straferhöhung heißt aggravated white collar crime enhancement und darf in einem Verfahren nur einmal verhängt werden.
Strafenormalerweise 3 Jahre Gefängnis· dazu $100.000 – $500.000
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
2·3·5 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „2 · 3 · 5 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
- Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
- Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
- Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „two, three, or five years“
Cal. Penal Code § 186.11 — Straferhöhung bei schwerer WirtschaftskriminalitätWortlautzu
Wer in einem Verfahren wegen zweier oder mehrerer zusammenhängender Verbrechen verurteilt wird, deren wesentliches Merkmal Betrug oder Unterschlagung ist und die als Muster zusammenhängender Taten einen Schaden von mehr als 100.000 Dollar verursacht haben, erhält eine zusätzliche Strafe. Diese Straferhöhung heißt aggravated white collar crime enhancement und darf in einem Verfahren nur einmal verhängt werden.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Bei einem Schaden über 500.000 Dollar: zusätzlich zwei, drei oder fünf Jahre Freiheitsstrafe im Staatsgefängnis. Bei einem Schaden über 100.000 und bis 500.000 Dollar: die in Section 12022.6 Buchstabe a Nummer 1 oder 2 vorgesehene Zusatzstrafe. Zusätzlich Geldstrafe bis zu 500.000 Dollar oder dem doppelten Wert der Beute, je nachdem was höher ist.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
(a) (1) Any person who commits two or more related felonies, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, which involve a pattern of related felony conduct, and the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of, or results in the loss by another person or entity of, more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), shall be punished, upon conviction of two or more felonies in a single criminal proceeding, in addition and consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony offenses of which he or she has been convicted, by an additional term of imprisonment in the state prison as specified in paragraph (2) or (3). This enhancement shall be known as the aggravated white collar crime enhancement. The
(c) Any person convicted of two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), shall also be liable for a fine not to exceed five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) or double the value of the taking, whichever is greater, if the existence of facts that would make the person subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement have been admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact. However, if the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), but not more than five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000), the fine shall not exceed one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or double the value of the taking, whichever is greater.
Upon conviction of two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), or a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), this property may be levied upon by the superior court to pay restitution and fines if the existence of facts that would make the person subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement or that demonstrate the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) in the commission of a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, have been charged in the accusatory pleading and admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
(a) (1) Any person who commits two or more related felonies, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, which involve a pattern of related felony conduct, and the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of, or results in the loss by another person or entity of, more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), shall be punished, upon conviction of two or more felonies in a single criminal proceeding, in addition and consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony offenses of which he or she has been convicted, by an additional term of imprisonment in the state prison as specified in paragraph (2) or (3). This enhancement shall be known as the aggravated white collar crime enhancement. The aggravated white collar crime enhancement shall only be imposed once in a single criminal proceeding. For purposes of this section, “pattern of related felony conduct” means engaging in at least two felonies that have the same or similar purpose, result, principals, victims, or methods of commission, or are otherwise interrelated by distinguishing characteristics, and that are not isolated events. For purposes of this section, “two or more related felonies” means felonies committed against two or more separate victims, or against the same victim on two or more separate occasions. (2) If the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of, or results in the loss by another person or entity of, more than five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000), the additional term of punishment shall be two, three, or five years in the state prison. (3) If the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of, or results in the loss by another person or entity of, more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), but not more than five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000), the additional term of punishment shall be the term specified in paragraph (1) or (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 12022.6. (b) (1) The additional prison term and penalties provided for in subdivisions (a), (c), and (d) shall not be imposed unless the facts set forth in subdivision (a) are charged in the accusatory pleading and admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact. (2) The additional prison term provided in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) shall be in addition to any other punishment provided by law, including Section 12022.6, and shall not be limited by any other provision of law. (c) Any person convicted of two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), shall also be liable for a fine not to exceed five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) or double the value of the taking, whichever is greater, if the existence of facts that would make the person subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement have been admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact. However, if the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), but not more than five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000), the fine shall not exceed one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or double the value of the taking, whichever is greater. (d) (1) If a person is alleged to have committed two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), and the aggravated white collar crime enhancement is also charged, or a person is charged in an accusatory pleading with a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), and an allegation as to the existence of those facts, any asset or property that is in the control of that person, and any asset or property that has been transferred by that person to a third party, subsequent to the commission of any criminal act alleged pursuant to subdivision (a), other than in a bona fide purchase, whether found within or outside the state, may be preserved by the superior court in order to pay restitution and fines. Upon conviction of two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), or a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), this property may be levied upon by the superior court to pay restitution and fines if the existence of facts that would make the person subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement or that demonstrate the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) in the commission of a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, have been charged in the accusatory pleading and admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact. (2) To prevent dissipation or secreting of assets or property, the prosecuting agency may, at the same time as or subsequent to the filing of a complaint or indictment charging two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), and the enhancement specified in subdivision (a), or a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), and an allegation as to the existence of those facts, file a petition with the criminal division of the superior court of the county in which the accusatory pleading was filed, seeking a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, the appointment of a receiver, or any other protective relief necessary to preserve the property or assets. This petition shall commence a proceeding that shall be pendent to the criminal proceeding and maintained solely to affect the criminal remedies provided for in this section. The proceeding shall not be subject to or governed by the provisions of the Civil Discovery Act as set forth in Title 4 (commencing with Section 2016.010) of Part 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The petition shall allege that the defendant has been charged with two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), and is subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement specified in subdivision (a) or that the defendant has been charged with a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), and an allegation as to the existence of those facts. The petition shall identify that criminal proceeding and the assets and property to be affected by an order issued pursuant to this section. (3) A notice regarding the petition shall be provided, by personal service or registered mail, to every person who may have an interest in the property specified in the petition. Additionally, the notice shall be published for at least three successive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the property affected by an order issued pursuant to this section is located. The notice shall state that any interested person may file a verified claim with the superior court stating the nature and amount of their claimed interest. The notice shall set forth the time within which a claim of interest in the protected property is required to be filed. (4) If the property to be preserved is real property, the prosecuting agency shall record, at the time of filing the petition, a lis pendens in each county in which the real property is situated which specifically identifies the property by legal description, the name of the owner of record as shown on the latest equalized assessment roll, and the assessor’s parcel number. (5) If the property to be preserved are assets under the control of a banking or financial institution, the prosecuting agency, at the time of the filing of the petition, may obtain an order from the court directing the banking or financial institution to immediately disclose the account numbers and value of the assets of the accused held by the banking or financial institution. The prosecuting agency shall file a supplemental petition, specifically identifying which banking or financial institution accounts shall be subject to a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, or other protective remedy. (6) Any person claiming an interest in the protected property may, at any time within 30 days from the date of the first publication of the notice of the petition, or within 30 days after receipt of actual notice, file with the superior court of the county in which the action is pending a verified claim stating the nature and amount of his or her interest in the property or assets. A verified copy of the claim shall be served by the claimant on the Attorney General or district attorney, as appropriate. (7) The imposition of fines and restitution pursuant to this section shall be determined by the superior court in which the underlying criminal offense is sentenced. Any judge who is assigned to the criminal division of the superior court in the county where the petition is filed may issue a temporary restraining order in conjunction with, or subsequent to, the filing of an allegation pursuant to this section. Any subsequent hearing on the petition shall also be heard by a judge assigned to the criminal division of the superior court in the county in which the petition is filed. At the time of the filing of an information or indictment in the underlying criminal case, any subsequent hearing on the petition shall be heard by the superior court judge assigned to the underlying criminal case. (e) Concurrent with or subsequent to the filing of the petition, the prosecuting agency may move the superior court for, and the superior court may issue, the following pendente lite orders to preserve the status quo of the property alleged in the petition: (1) An injunction to restrain any person from transferring, encumbering, hypothecating, or otherwise disposing of that property. (2) Appointment of a receiver to take possession of, care for, manage, and operate the assets and properties so that the property may be maintained and preserved. The court may order that a receiver appointed pursuant to this section shall be compensated for all reasonable expenditures made or incurred by him or her in connection with the possession, care, management, and operation of any property or assets that are subject to the provisions of this section. (3) A bond or other undertaking, in lieu of other orders, of a value sufficient to ensure the satisfaction of restitution and fines imposed pursuant to this section. (f) (1) No preliminary injunction may be granted or receiver appointed by the court without notice that meets the requirements of paragraph (3) of subdivision (d) to all known and reasonably ascertainable interested parties and upon a hearing to determine that an order is necessary to preserve the property pending the outcome of the criminal proceedings. A temporary restraining order may be issued by the court, ex parte, pending that hearing in conjunction with or subsequent to the filing of the petition upon the application of the prosecuting attorney. The temporary restraining order may be based upon the sworn declaration of a peace officer with personal knowledge of the criminal investigation that establishes probable cause to believe that aggravated white collar crime or a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) has taken place and that the amount of restitution and fines exceeds or equals the worth of the assets subject to the temporary restraining order. The declaration may include the hearsay statements of witnesses to establish the necessary facts. The temporary restraining order may be issued without notice upon a showing of good cause to the court. (2) The defendant, or a person who has filed a verified claim as provided in paragraph (6) of subdivision (d), shall have the right to have the court conduct an order to show cause hearing within 10 days of the service of the request for hearing upon the prosecuting agency, in order to determine whether the temporary restraining order should remain in effect, whether relief should be granted from any lis pendens recorded pursuant to paragraph (4) of subdivision (d), or whether any existing order should be modified in the interests of justice. Upon a showing of good cause, the hearing shall be held within two days of the service of the request for hearing upon the prosecuting agency. (3) In determining whether to issue a preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order in a proceeding brought by a prosecuting agency in conjunction with or subsequent to the filing of an allegation pursuant to this section, the court has the discretion to consider any matter that it deems reliable and appropriate, including hearsay statements, in order to reach a just and equitable decision. The court shall weigh the relative degree of certainty of the outcome on the merits and the consequences to each of the parties of granting the interim relief. If the prosecution is likely to prevail on the merits and the risk of the dissipation of assets outweighs the potential harm to the defendants and the interested parties, the court shall grant injunctive relief. The court shall give significant weight to the following factors: (A) The public interest in preserving the property or assets pendente lite. (B) The difficulty of preserving the property or assets pendente lite where the underlying alleged crimes involve issues of fraud and moral turpitude. (C) The fact that the requested relief is being sought by a public prosecutor on behalf of alleged victims of white collar crimes. (D) The likelihood that substantial public harm has occurred where aggravated white collar crime is alleged to have been committed. (E) The significant public interest involved in compensating the victims of white collar crime and paying court-imposed restitution and fines. (4) The court, in making its orders, may consider a defendant’s request for the release of a portion of the property affected by this section in order to pay reasonable legal fees in connection with the criminal proceeding, any necessary and appropriate living expenses pending trial and sentencing, and for the purpose of posting bail. The court shall weigh the needs of the public to retain the property against the needs of the defendant to a portion of the property. The court shall consider the factors listed in paragraph (3) prior to making any order releasing property for these purposes. (5) The court, in making its orders, shall seek to protect the interests of any innocent third persons, including an innocent spouse, who were not involved in the commission of any criminal activity. (6) Any petition filed pursuant to this section is part of the criminal proceedings for purposes of appointment of counsel and shall be assigned to the criminal division of the superior court of the county in which the accusatory pleading was filed. (7) Based upon a noticed motion brought by the receiver appointed pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (e), the court may order an interlocutory sale of property named in the petition when the property is liable to perish, to waste, or to be significantly reduced in value, or when the expenses of maintaining the property are disproportionate to the value thereof. The proceeds of the interlocutory sale shall be deposited with the court or as directed by the court pending determination of the proceeding pursuant to this section. (8) The court may make any orders that are necessary to preserve the continuing viability of any lawful business enterprise that is affected by the issuance of a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction issued pursuant to this action. (9) In making its orders, the court shall seek to prevent any asset subject to a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction from perishing, spoiling, going to waste, or otherwise being significantly reduced in value. Where the potential for diminution in value exists, the court shall appoint a receiver to dispose of or otherwise protect the value of the property or asset. (10) A preservation order shall not be issued against any assets of a business that are not likely to be dissipated and that may be subject to levy or attachment to meet the purposes of this section. (g) If the allegation that the defendant is subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement or has committed a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) is dismissed or found by the trier of fact to be untrue, any preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order issued pursuant to this section shall be dissolved. If a jury is the trier of fact, and the jury is unable to reach a unanimous verdict, the court shall have the discretion to continue or dissolve all or a portion of the preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order based upon the interests of justice. However, if the prosecuting agency elects not to retry the case, any preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order issued pursuant to this section shall be dissolved. (h) (1) (A) If the defendant is convicted of two or more felonies, as specified in subdivision (a), and the existence of facts that would make the person subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement have been admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact, or the defendant is convicted of a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), and an allegation as to the existence of those facts has been admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact, the trial judge shall continue the preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order until the date of the criminal sentencing and shall make a finding at that time as to what portion, if any, of the property or assets subject to the preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order shall be levied upon to pay fines and restitution to victims of the crime. The order imposing fines and restitution may exceed the total worth of the property or assets subjected to the preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order. The court may order the immediate transfer of the property or assets to satisfy any judgment and sentence made pursuant to this section. Additionally, upon motion of the prosecution, the court may enter an order as part of the judgment and sentence making the order imposing fines and restitution pursuant to this section enforceable pursuant to Title 9 (commencing with Section 680.010) of Part 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure. (B) Additionally, the court shall order the defendant to make full restitution to the victim. The payment of the restitution ordered by the court pursuant to this section shall be made a condition of any probation granted by the court if the existence of facts that would make the defendant subject to the aggravated white collar crime enhancement or of facts demonstrating the person committed a felony, a material element of which is fraud or embezzlement, that involves the taking or loss of more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) have been admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court may order that the period of probation continue for up to 10 years or until full restitution is made to the victim, whichever is earlier. (C) The sentencing court shall retain jurisdiction to enforce the order to pay additional fines and restitution and, in appropriate cases, may initiate probation violation proceedings or contempt of court proceedings against a defendant who is found to have willfully failed to comply with any lawful order of the court. (D) If the execution of judgment is stayed pending an appeal of an order of the superior court pursuant to this section, the preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order shall be maintained in full force and effect during the pendency of the appellate period. (2) The order imposing fines and restitution shall not affect the interest in real property of any third party that was acquired prior to the recording of the lis pendens, unless the property was obtained from the defendant other than as a bona fide purchaser for value. If any assets or property affected by this section are subject to a valid lien, mortgage, security interest, or interest under a conditional sales contract and the amount due to the holder of the lien, mortgage, interest, or contract is less than the appraised value of the property, that person may pay to the state or the local government that initiated the proceeding the amount of the difference between the appraised value of the property and the amount of the lien, mortgage, security interest, or interest under a conditional sales contract. Upon that payment, the state or local entity shall relinquish all claims to the property. If the holder of the interest elects not to make that payment to the state or local governmental entity, the interest in the property shall be deemed transferred to the state or local governmental entity and any indicia of ownership of the property shall be confirmed in the state or local governmental entity. The appraised value shall be determined as of the date judgment is entered either by agreement between the holder of the lien, mortgage, security interest, or interest under a conditional sales contract and the governmental entity involved, or, if they cannot agree, then by a court-appointed appraiser for the county in which the action is brought. A person holding a valid lien, mortgage, security interest, or interest under a conditional sales contract shall be paid the appraised value of his or her interest. (3) In making its final order, the court shall seek to protect the legitimately acquired interests of any innocent third persons, including an innocent spouse, who were not involved in the commission of any criminal activity. (i) In all cases where property is to be levied upon pursuant to this section, a receiver appointed by the court shall be empowered to liquidate all property or assets which shall be distributed in the following order of priority: (1) To the receiver, or court-appointed appraiser, for all reasonable expenditures made or incurred by him or her in connection with the sale of the property or liquidation of assets, including all reasonable expenditures for any necessary repairs, storage, or transportation of any property levied upon under this section. (2) To any holder of a valid lien, mortgage, or security interest up to the amount of his or her interest in the property or proceeds. (3) To any victim as restitution for any fraudulent or unlawful acts alleged in the accusatory pleading that were proven by the prosecuting agency as part of the pattern of fraudulent or unlawful acts. (4) For payment of any fine imposed pursuant to this section. The proceeds obtained in payment of a fine shall be paid to the treasurer of the county in which the judgment was entered, or if the action was undertaken by the Attorney General, to the Treasurer. If the payment of any fine imposed pursuant to this section involved losses resulting from violation of Section 550 of this code or Section 1871.4 of the Insurance Code, one-half of the fine collected shall be paid to the treasurer of the county in which the judgment was entered, and one-half of the fine collected shall be paid to the Department of Insurance for deposit in the appropriate account in the Insurance Fund. The proceeds from the fine first shall be used by a county to reimburse local prosecutors and enforcement agencies for the reasonable costs of investigation and prosecution of cases brought pursuant to this section. (5) To the Restitution Fund, or in cases involving convictions relating to insurance fraud, to the Insurance Fund as restitution for crimes not specifically pleaded and proven in the accusatory pleading. (j) If, after distribution pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (i), the value of the property to be levied upon pursuant to this section is insufficient to pay for restitution and fines, the court shall order an equitable sharing of the proceeds of the liquidation of the property, and any other recoveries, which shall specify the percentage of recoveries to be devoted to each purpose. At least 70 percent of the proceeds remaining after distribution pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (i) shall be devoted to restitution. (k) Unless otherwise expressly provided, the remedies or penalties provided by this section are cumulative to each other and to the remedies or penalties available under all other laws of this state, except that two separate actions against the same defendant and pertaining to the same fraudulent or unlawful acts may not be brought by a district attorney or the Attorney General pursuant to this section and Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 17200) of Part 2 of Division 7 of the Business and Professions Code. If a fine is imposed under this section, it shall be in lieu of all other fines that may be imposed pursuant to any other provision of law for the crimes for which the defendant has been convicted in the action.
Straftaten gegen die Rechtspflege · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe $100.000 – $500.000
Vortäuschen einer Entführung zur Lösegelderpressung
Wer sich fälschlich als Entführer, als Verwahrer eines Entführten oder als Helfer ausgibt, um Lösegeld oder andere Werte zu erlangen, macht sich strafbar. Ebenso strafbar ist, wer sich fälschlich als jemand ausgibt, der die Freilassung bewirken kann. Wer tatsächlich in gutem Glauben eine Rettung gegen Entgelt anbietet und mit der Tat nichts zu tun hat, bleibt straffrei.
Strafenormalerweise 3 Jahre Gefängnis
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Der Strafrahmen im Gesetz
2·3·4 JahreWarum drei Zahlen??weniger
Das Gericht nimmt eine dieser drei Zahlen. Dazwischen gibt es nichts — „2 · 3 · 4 Jahre“ heisst nicht „von … bis“.
- Die mittlere ist der Normalfall. Sie gilt, solange nichts dagegenspricht.
- Die obere nur, wenn es besonders schlimm war — und das muss bewiesen sein. „Wahrscheinlich“ reicht nicht.
- Die untere, wenn etwas dafür spricht: erlittenes Trauma, Jugend zur Tatzeit, Gewalt in der Partnerschaft.
Im Gesetz: „two, three or four years“
Cal. Penal Code § 210 — Vortäuschen einer Entführung zur LösegelderpressungWortlautzu
Wer sich fälschlich als Entführer, als Verwahrer eines Entführten oder als Helfer ausgibt, um Lösegeld oder andere Werte zu erlangen, macht sich strafbar. Ebenso strafbar ist, wer sich fälschlich als jemand ausgibt, der die Freilassung bewirken kann. Wer tatsächlich in gutem Glauben eine Rettung gegen Entgelt anbietet und mit der Tat nichts zu tun hat, bleibt straffrei.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Zwei, drei oder vier Jahre Haft.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
Every person who for the purpose of obtaining any ransom or reward, or to extort or exact from any person any money or thing of value, poses as, or in any manner represents himself to be a person who has seized, confined, inveigled, enticed, decoyed, abducted, concealed, kidnapped or carried away any person, or who poses as, or in any manner represents himself to be a person who holds or detains such person, or who poses as, or in any manner represents himself to be a person who has aided or abetted any such act, or who poses as or in any manner represents himself to be a person who has the influence, power, or ability, to obtain the release of such person so seized, confined, inveigled, enticed, decoyed, abducted, concealed, kidnapped or carried away, is guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment for two, three or four years.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Every person who for the purpose of obtaining any ransom or reward, or to extort or exact from any person any money or thing of value, poses as, or in any manner represents himself to be a person who has seized, confined, inveigled, enticed, decoyed, abducted, concealed, kidnapped or carried away any person, or who poses as, or in any manner represents himself to be a person who holds or detains such person, or who poses as, or in any manner represents himself to be a person who has aided or abetted any such act, or who poses as or in any manner represents himself to be a person who has the influence, power, or ability, to obtain the release of such person so seized, confined, inveigled, enticed, decoyed, abducted, concealed, kidnapped or carried away, is guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment for two, three or four years. Nothing in this section prohibits any person who, in good faith believes that he can rescue any person who has been seized, confined, inveigled, enticed, decoyed, abducted, concealed, kidnapped or carried away, and who has had no part in, or connection with, such confinement, inveigling, decoying, abducting, concealing, kidnapping, or carrying away, from offering to rescue or obtain the release of such person for a monetary consideration or other thing of value.
Straftaten gegen die Person · Teil 1
Unerlaubte Wetttippgeberei beim Pferderennen (Touting)
Wer als Tippgeber gegen Entgelt Pferdewett-Tipps anbietet oder dies versucht oder verabredet, macht sich strafbar. Bei einer zweiten Tat im Bundesstaat ist Haft zwingend.
Strafebis zu 6 Monate Gefängnis· dazu bis $500
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 337.2 — Unerlaubte Wetttippgeberei beim Pferderennen (Touting)Wortlautzu
Wer als Tippgeber gegen Entgelt Pferdewett-Tipps anbietet oder dies versucht oder verabredet, macht sich strafbar. Bei einer zweiten Tat im Bundesstaat ist Haft zwingend.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Geldstrafe bis 500 Dollar, bis zu sechs Monate Bezirksgefängnis oder beides. Beim zweiten Verstoss in Kalifornien ist Haft zu verhängen.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
Any person who is a tout, or who attempts or conspires to commit touting, is guilty of a misdemeanor and is punishable by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500) or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. For a second offense in this State, he shall be imprisoned.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Any person who is a tout, or who attempts or conspires to commit touting, is guilty of a misdemeanor and is punishable by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500) or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. For a second offense in this State, he shall be imprisoned.
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe bis $500
Missbrauch fremder Namen bei der Wetttippgeberei
Wer bei der Tippgeberei fälschlich den Namen eines Amtsträgers der kalifornischen Pferderennbehörde, eines Rennbahnbetreibers, Besitzers, Trainers oder Jockeys als Quelle seiner angeblichen Informationen benutzt, macht sich strafbar.
Strafebis $5.000 — kein Gefängnis im Text
Cal. Penal Code § Mehr dazuschliessen
Cal. Penal Code § 337.3 — Missbrauch fremder Namen bei der WetttippgebereiWortlautzu
Wer bei der Tippgeberei fälschlich den Namen eines Amtsträgers der kalifornischen Pferderennbehörde, eines Rennbahnbetreibers, Besitzers, Trainers oder Jockeys als Quelle seiner angeblichen Informationen benutzt, macht sich strafbar.
Strafe auf Deutsch —
Geldstrafe bis 5.000 Dollar oder Haft nach PC 1170(h) oder beides.
Wortlaut im Gesetz (englisch)
Any person who in the commission of touting falsely uses the name of any official of the California Horse Racing Board, its inspectors or attachés, or of any official of any race track association, or the names of any owner, trainer, jockey or other person licensed by the California Horse Racing Board as the source of any information or purported information is guilty of a felony and is punishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000) or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
Ganzer Gesetzestext (englisch)
Any person who in the commission of touting falsely uses the name of any official of the California Horse Racing Board, its inspectors or attachés, or of any official of any race track association, or the names of any owner, trainer, jockey or other person licensed by the California Horse Racing Board as the source of any information or purported information is guilty of a felony and is punishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000) or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
Straftaten gegen die Person mit sexuellem Übergriff sowie Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Sittlichkeit · Teil 1 · Geldstrafe bis $5.000
2Dein Fall
noch leer
Noch nichts ausgewählt. Suchen Sie oben nach der Tat und tippen Sie „Hinzufügen“ — jede Tat einzeln, so oft, wie sie vorkam.
3Diese Paragraphen gelten
Sobald die erste Tat oben im Fall liegt, stehen hier die Paragraphen, die dafür gelten — jeder mit Fundstelle zum Kopieren.
Orientierung, keine verbindliche Auskunft — das letzte Wort hat das Gericht. Katalog: leginfo.legislature.ca.gov — California Penal Code, Stand 2026-08-30, 1419 Paragraphen. Verbindlich ist der englische Wortlaut; die deutsche Fassung ist eine Arbeitsübersetzung und steht an jedem Paragraphen zum Aufklappen daneben — für 5 Paragraphen liegt sie noch nicht vor.